“…Radical approaches to the difficult mitral valve through sternotomy have included azygos division with superior vena cava mobilization, 1 superior vena cava transection, 2 and the superior transseptal approach. 3,4 Drawbacks to these approaches include loss of azygos venous drainage, possible stenosis of the reconstructed superior vena cava, and possible sinoatrial node dysfunction. 3,5 In a difficult mitral case, however, possible transient sinus node dysfunction is a small trade-off in light of the generally excellent exposure the transseptal exposure provides, and so this approach has become relatively common.…”