"Smart Materials" are materials that change their shape, color, or size in response to an externally applied stimulus. While smart materials have already made a tremendous impact on our lives through their applications in liquid crystal displays, headphones, fuel injection systems, flexible cell phone antennas, and many other commercial products, they also have the potential to help many pediatric patients. This review focuses on with the present and potential applications of shape memory alloys, piezoelectric materials, and the relatively newer class of materials called magnetostrictive and ferromagnetic shape memory alloys in the design of pediatric cardiovascular devices. (Pediatr Res 63: 552-558, 2008) "S mart Materials" are materials that change their shape, color, or size in response to an externally applied stimulus. Examples of "external stimuli" include changes in temperature, application of an electric or magnetic field, and changes in moisture or pH. Thus, whereas other materials play passive structural roles in devices, smart materials can actually be manipulated in situ.During the last few decades smart materials have had a tremendous impact on a variety of fields. For example, chromogenic materials are the basis of all liquid crystal displays and photochromes allow eyeglasses to change to sunglasses in the presence of sun light. The basis of lighter igniter switches, headphones, and recent fuel injection systems is piezoelectrics whereas the flexible cell phone antennas and eyeglasses are shape memory smart materials. Many more commercial applications for smart materials are already available and new ones are being studied by a wide range of organizations.This review focuses on with the potential applications of shape memory alloys, piezoelectric materials, and the relatively newer class of materials called magnetostrictive and ferromagnetic shape memory alloys (FSMA) in the design of pediatric cardiovascular devices. Whereas shape memory alloys like nitinol (a nickel-titanium alloy) change shape in response to a change in temperature, magnetostrictive or ferromagnetic materials change their shape in response to a magnetic field. NiMnGa (nickel-manganese-gallium) and Terfenol-D represent the best known examples of FSMA and magnetostrictive materials respectively. The more mature class of piezoelectric materials, e.g., BaTiO 3 and lead zirconate titanate (Pb(ZrTi)O 3 )-commonly called PZT, change shape with an electrical field; or, conversely, generate an electrical signal in response to a forced change in shape. All of these materials can be used as either an actuator or a sensor.Smart materials have begun to have a significant impact in the field of medicine. Although a number of applications already exist, it is only a matter of time before many more pediatric applications will emerge for these smart materials.
SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYSNitinol introduction. NiTi or nitinol is a nickel-titanium shape memory alloy. Nitinol is a pneumonic for NickelTitanium, developed by the Naval Ordinance Labo...