“…Large variability in tES-outcome has been shown within and across studies. This variability is likely to be explained by the large number of factors influencing outcome (Fertonani and Miniussi, 2016), including current strength/density (Teo et al, 2011; Moos et al, 2012; Bastani and Jaberzadeh, 2013; Batsikadze et al, 2013; Hoy et al, 2013; Benwell et al, 2015; Ho et al, 2016), electrode montage (Moliadze et al, 2010; Sehm et al, 2013; Scheldrup et al, 2014; Mehta et al, 2015), stimulation duration (Nitsche and Paulus, 2000; Stagg and Nitsche, 2011), stimulation frequency (Kanai et al, 2010; Feurra et al, 2011; Brignani et al, 2013; Wach et al, 2013; Cabral-Calderin et al, 2016), timing of stimulation relative to task engagement (Pirulli et al, 2013; Scheldrup et al, 2014; Bortoletto et al, 2015; Cabral-Calderin et al, 2016), baseline trait/task performance levels of participants (Dockery et al, 2009; Tseng et al, 2012; Hsu et al, 2014; Sarkar et al, 2014; Benwell et al, 2015; Learmonth et al, 2015; Li et al, 2015b; London and Slagter, 2015), task demands (Li et al, 2015a; Roe et al, 2016) and the initial excitatory/oscillatory state of the stimulated region (Feurra et al, 2013). In addition to the difficulty of understanding all of the potential contributors to tES outcome, its effects tend to be relatively small and difficult to replicate (Walsh, 2013).…”