2006
DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2006.05.006
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Transcranial magnetic stimulation and cortical evoked potentials: A TMS/EEG co-registration study

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Cited by 282 publications
(314 citation statements)
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“…In contrast to imaging of blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signals, which are inevitably slow because of their dependence on hemodynamics, we here measured neuronal activity directly as voltage changes across neuronal membranes. Commonly, immediate detection of the fluctuations in neuronal membrane potentials suffers from artifacts introduced by the TMS coil discharge, leading to overload of recording amplifiers around the time point of TMS pulses (22,36) and masking of neuronal effects, which can gradually be reduced by only advanced technologies (50)(51)(52)(53). Obviously, VSD imaging does not provide single-cell resolution and is limited to cortical surface areas.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In contrast to imaging of blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signals, which are inevitably slow because of their dependence on hemodynamics, we here measured neuronal activity directly as voltage changes across neuronal membranes. Commonly, immediate detection of the fluctuations in neuronal membrane potentials suffers from artifacts introduced by the TMS coil discharge, leading to overload of recording amplifiers around the time point of TMS pulses (22,36) and masking of neuronal effects, which can gradually be reduced by only advanced technologies (50)(51)(52)(53). Obviously, VSD imaging does not provide single-cell resolution and is limited to cortical surface areas.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Such variability is given, not only by cortical excitability variability, but also by a specific contribution of the spinal motoneuronal pools to the MEP amplitude not involved in determining the cortical evoked response (Bonato et al, 2006). One other factor that should be considered relates to the difference in the latency between the MEP and the cortical reactivity effects.…”
Section: Correlation Between Corticospinal Excitability and Cortical mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…A TMS-induced artifact can mask the early EEG deflections, 25 for which reason P30 has often been the earliest reliably measured peak. P30 seems to have a diffuse origin and is thought to be related to early spread of activation to more distant and contralateral areas, 21,25,26 In clinical experiments, preliminary evidence of altered P30 amplitudes has been found in Alzheimer's disease, with significantly decreased amplitudes at the 30-50 msec time range. 27 TMS-evoked N45 is generated by a dipole close to the stimulation site, when stimulating M1.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Converging evidence from several studies, however, shows that direct effects of TMS to the N100-P200 are substantial, probably more important than sensory stimulation. 19,25,26,33,34 The N100 is sensitive to certain clinical conditions, including ADHD 35 and mild cognitive impairment, 27 where reduced N100 amplitudes have been found. The balance of cortical inhibitory and facilitatory circuits in paired-pulse TMS-EEG is also reflected in latencies.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%