Transcranial magnetic stimulation: studying the brain--behaviour relationship by induction of ‘virtual lesions’

Pascual‐Leone, Álvaro; Bartrés‐Faz, David; Keenan, Julian Paul

doi:10.1098/rstb.1999.0476

Cited by 389 publications

(213 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…The primary motor area is located at the medial cortical surface just anterior to the central sulcus, approximately at the same depth from the scalp as the medial parietal cortex. The intensity was 50-75% of maximal stimulator output (9)(10)(11).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parietal cortex and representation of the mental Self

Lou

Luber

Crupain

et al. 2004

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

517

363

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For a coherent and meaningful life, conscious self-representation is mandatory. Such explicit ''autonoetic consciousness'' is thought to emerge by retrieval of memory of personally experienced events (''episodic memory''). During episodic retrieval, functional imaging studies consistently show differential activity in medial prefrontal and medial parietal cortices. With positron-emission tomography, we here show that these medial regions are functionally connected and interact with lateral regions that are activated according to the degree of self-reference. During retrieval of previous judgments of Oneself, Best Friend, and the Danish Queen, activation increased in the left lateral temporal cortex and decreased in the right inferior parietal region with decreasing self-reference. Functionally, the former region was preferentially connected to medial prefrontal cortex, the latter to medial parietal. The medial parietal region may, then, be conceived of as a nodal structure in self-representation, functionally connected to both the right parietal and the medial prefrontal cortices. To determine whether medial parietal cortex in this network is essential for episodic memory retrieval with self-representation, we used transcranial magnetic stimulation over the region to transiently disturb neuronal circuitry. There was a decrease in the efficiency of retrieval of previous judgment of mental Self compared with retrieval of judgment of Other with transcranial magnetic stimulation at a latency of 160 ms, confirming the hypothesis. This network is strikingly similar to the network of the resting conscious state, suggesting that self-monitoring is a core function in resting consciousness.A ll subjective experience may be seen as self-conscious in the weak sense that there is something it feels like for the subject to have that experience. We may at times be selfconscious in a deep way, for example, when we are engaged in figuring out who we are and what we are going to do with our lives, a distinctly human experience giving organization, meaning, and structure to life. In its absence, our representation of ourselves and our world becomes kaleidoscopic and our life chaotic (1).Such explicit ''autonoetic consciousness'' is thought to emerge by retrieval of memory of personally experienced events (episodic memory) (2, 3). The cerebral activation pattern of episodic memory retrieval differs from that of semantic retrieval (retrieval of common knowledge by ''familiarity''): e.g., activation of medial parietal cortex is characteristic of the former and activation of left lateral temporal lobe is characteristic of the latter (4). First, we hypothesize that the cerebral activity pattern of retrieval of previous judgments of a person is determined not only by the episodic retrieval nature of the task, but also by the degree of self-reference of the judgment to be retrieved. Second, we hypothesize that the regions activated by retrieval of judgment of the mental Self are functionally interacting. This network would give a distinc...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parietal cortex and representation of the mental Self

Lou

Luber

Crupain

et al. 2004

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

517

363

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“…Accordingly, we used plaid stimuli combined with r Thompson et al r r 3116 r offline repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to assess whether modifying activity in the cortical regions generally thought to be primarily responsible for component and pattern motion perception processing in humans could influence the way in which plaid stimuli were perceived. TMS is a method that uses magnetic fields to stimulate the human cortex through the scalp and can be used to demonstrate a causal link between a neural region and a particular perceptual process [Pascual-Leone et al, 1999]. When a train of TMS pulses is applied repeatedly over the same area for an extended period of time, a technique termed offline rTMS, there is a lasting effect on the excitability of the stimulated cortex that endures for a period of time after the stimulation has ceased [Walsh and PascualLeone, 2003].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A double dissociation between striate and extrastriate visual cortex for pattern motion perception revealed using rTMS

Thompson

Aaen-Stockdale

Koski

et al. 2009

Human Brain Mapping

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Abstract:The neural mechanisms underlying the integration and segregation of motion signals are often studied using plaid stimuli. These stimuli consist of two spatially coincident dynamic gratings of differing orientations, which are either perceived to move in two unique directions or are integrated by the visual system to elicit the percept of a checkerboard moving in a single direction. Computations pertaining to the motion of the individual component gratings are thought to take place in striate cortex (V1) whereas motion integration is thought to involve neurons in dorsal stream extrastriate visual areas, particularly V5/MT. By combining a psychophysical task that employed plaid stimuli with 1 Hz offline repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), we demonstrated a double dissociation between striate and extrastriate visual cortex in terms of their contributions to motion integration. rTMS over striate cortex increased coherent motion percepts whereas rTMS over extrastriate cortex had the opposite effect. These effects were robust directly after the stimulation administration and gradually returned to baseline within 15 minutes. This double dissociation is consistent with previous patient data and the recent hypothesis that both coherent and transparent motion percepts are supported by the visual system simultaneously and compete for perceptual dominance.

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“…To measure the critical period for the involvement of a neural region, single or short trains of two or three briefly interspersed TMS pulses are delivered over the region of interest at varying delays with respect to a particular event such as the onset of a stimulus (e.g. [77,[86][87][88]; for discussion, see [80,81,83,85]). For at least several brain regions, including primary visual and dorsal premotor cortices, the period during which one or more TMS pulses are most effective in disrupting performance on a task tends to correspond with the time at which responses of single cells are recorded from the homologous area of the macaque brain (e.g.…”

Section: Recent Developmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One or more brief magnetic pulses are applied via a coil positioned on the scalp over the selected cortical region, which effectively induces electrical noise into a small region of the underlying neural tissue, transiently altering neural processing in that region [79][80][81][82][83][84]. Importantly, TMS allows researchers to make causal inferences about the involvement of neural regions in perceptual and cognitive processes, in contrast to the correlational nature of functional neuroimaging; and it also has the advantage of greater spatial resolution than neurological lesion analyses.…”

Section: Recent Developmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The neuropsychology of face perception: beyond simple dissociations and functional selectivity

Atkinson

Adolphs

2011

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

153

111

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Face processing relies on a distributed, patchy network of cortical regions in the temporal and frontal lobes that respond disproportionately to face stimuli, other cortical regions that are not even primarily visual (such as somatosensory cortex), and subcortical structures such as the amygdala. Higher-level face perception abilities, such as judging identity, emotion and trustworthiness, appear to rely on an intact face-processing network that includes the occipital face area (OFA), whereas lower-level face categorization abilities, such as discriminating faces from objects, can be achieved without OFA, perhaps via the direct connections to the fusiform face area (FFA) from several extrastriate cortical areas. Some lesion, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) findings argue against a strict feed-forward hierarchical model of face perception, in which the OFA is the principal and common source of input for other visual and non-visual cortical regions involved in face perception, including the FFA, faceselective superior temporal sulcus and somatosensory cortex. Instead, these findings point to a more interactive model in which higher-level face perception abilities depend on the interplay between several functionally and anatomically distinct neural regions. Furthermore, the nature of these interactions may depend on the particular demands of the task. We review the lesion and TMS literature on this topic and highlight the dynamic and distributed nature of face processing.

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Transcranial magnetic stimulation: studying the brain--behaviour relationship by induction of ‘virtual lesions’

Cited by 389 publications

References 85 publications

Parietal cortex and representation of the mental Self

Parietal cortex and representation of the mental Self

A double dissociation between striate and extrastriate visual cortex for pattern motion perception revealed using rTMS

The neuropsychology of face perception: beyond simple dissociations and functional selectivity

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