Transcription of Cloned Eukaryotic Ribosomal Rna Genes

Sollner‐Webb, Barbara; Tower, John

doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.55.070186.004101

Cited by 326 publications

(161 citation statements)

References 150 publications

(199 reference statements)

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“…rRNA represents the most actively transcribed, and therefore abundant, RNA in the cell, garnering upward of 50% of the transcriptional capacity of the cell (Sollner-Webb and Tower, 1986). With such great abundance, there is high probability for some mutated or otherwise non-functional rRNA to be incorporated into a mature ribosome.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ribosome biogenesis surveillance: probing the ribosomal protein-Mdm2-p53 pathway

2010

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ribosome biogenesis surveillance: probing the ribosomal protein-Mdm2-p53 pathway

2010

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“…This neglect may be the result of the apparent lack of speci®city in the enormous process of ribosomal synthesis, processing, and assembly which comprises up to 80% of the work of cell proliferation. The generation of 2610 6 ribosomes per 15 h generation time guarantees that any growing cell will devote the majority of its metabolic energy to the construction of the protein synthetic apparatus leaving little room for obvious di erences between normal and malignant cells (Sollner-Webb and Tower, 1986). However, recent progress in our understanding of the cell cycle might suggest areas worth exploring that have the potential to identify vulnerable di erences in the response of cancer cells to perturbations of cell growth regulation.…”

Section: Growth Control and Cellular Proliferationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Half of the cell's transcriptional apparatus is devoted to rRNA synthesis, which is read from the 150 ± 200 repeated rDNA copies present in mammalian genomes (Jacob, 1995;Sollner-Webb and Tower, 1986). At least some portion Figure 3 Major components of the protein synthetic machinery and critical contolr points that govern cell growth.…”

Section: Elements Of Growth Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, amino acid starvation a ects rRNA transcription rates and nucleolar RNA synthesis responds to NTP pools in the same manner as seen in bacteria . Furthermore, the rate of rRNA gene transcription decreases markedly in stationary phase cells (Sollner-Webb and Tower, 1986). The transcription factor primarily involved in this growth dependent regulation has been identi®ed as TIF-IA (Buttgereit et al, 1985;Schnapp et al, 1990), which works in concert with other rDNA transcription factors including UBF and E 1 BF/Ku Jacob, 1995).…”

Section: Elements Of Growth Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The role of c-myc in cellular growth control

1999

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“…Transcription by RNA polymerase I has been reviewed recently (38). The spacers between individual rRNA transcription units vary in length from 2 kilobase pairs (kb) (yeasts) to >30 kb (mammals).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Unusual enhancer function in yeast rRNA transcription.

Johnson

Warner

1989

Mol. Cell. Biol.

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The rRNA genes in most eucaryotic organisms are present in a tandem array. There is substantial evidence that transcription of one of these genes may not be independent of transcription of others. In particular, in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the enhancer of rRNA transcription that lies 2.2 kilobases 5' of the transcription initiation site is at least partly within the upstream transcription unit. The transcription by RNA polymerase II of a wide variety of genes is profoundly influenced by cis-acting short-nucleotide sequences called enhancer elements that can lie upstream or downstream of the transcription unit, at a distance of up to several kilobases. In many cases, the enhancer elements bind protein factors that are necessary for enhancer function. Although a number of models have been proposed (reviewed in reference 30), a clear understanding of enhancer function is not at hand.Two features distinguish rRNA genes from other genes in the eucaryotic cell. They are transcribed by a specific enzyme, RNA polymerase I, and they are arranged in a tandem array. This unique genetic structure has led to speculation that transcription of an individual gene is not independent of transcription of the neighboring genes; e.g., termination at one transcription unit may lead directly to initiation at the neighboring downstream promoter (7,12,15, 26).We have identified a sequence element, specific for RNA polymerase I, that has many of the characteristics of an RNA polymerase II enhancer (9, 10). In this paper, we explore aspects of the function of RNA polymerase I and its enhancer to ask about the parallels between polymerase I and polymerase II enhancers and about the importance of the tandemness of rRNA genes to polymerase I activity.Transcription by RNA polymerase I has been reviewed recently (38). The spacers between individual rRNA transcription units vary in length from 2 kilobase pairs (kb) (yeasts) to >30 kb (mammals). Within them are found a variety of sequence elements that influence the level of transcription. In Xenopus laevis, for example, these include several copies of a sequence closely related to the promoter, dubbed spacer promoters (6,7,22,23,29,33), each followed by about 10 copies of a 60-to 81-base-pair (bp) repeat, that behave in some respects like enhancer elements (22,23,29). The spacer promoters are curious because although they can give rise to transcripts and can stimulate transcription from an adjacent real promoter (6,7,29), the transcription from the spacer promoter seems not to be involved in this stimulation (7,25). Repetitive elements, some related to the promoter, have also been found in the nontranscribed spacer * Corresponding author. t Present address:

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Transcription of Cloned Eukaryotic Ribosomal Rna Genes

Cited by 326 publications

References 150 publications

Ribosome biogenesis surveillance: probing the ribosomal protein-Mdm2-p53 pathway

Ribosome biogenesis surveillance: probing the ribosomal protein-Mdm2-p53 pathway

The role of c-myc in cellular growth control

Unusual enhancer function in yeast rRNA transcription.

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