Transcriptional Landscape of Vero E6 Cells during Early Swine Acute Diarrhea Syndrome Coronavirus Infection

Abstract

Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) is a newly emerged and highly pathogenic virus that is associated with fatal diarrhea disease in piglets, causing significant economic losses to the pig industry. At present, the research on the pathogenicity and molecular mechanisms of host-virus interactions of SADS-CoV are limited and remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated the global gene expression profiles of SADS-CoV-infected Vero E6 cells at 12, 18, and 24 h post-infection (hpi) using the RNA-sequencing. As a result, a total of 3324 differentially expressed genes (DEG) were identified, most of which showed a down-regulated expression pattern. Functional enrichment analyses indicated that the DEGs are mainly involved in signal transduction, cellular transcription, immune and inflammatory response, and autophagy. Collectively, our results provide insights into the changes in the cellular transcriptome during early infection of SADS-CoV and may provide information for further study of molecular mechanisms.

Research Advances on Swine Acute Diarrhea Syndrome Coronavirus

“…The PLP2-TM functional domain of the viral NSP3 protein activates the IRE1-JNK-Beclin1 signaling pathway by interacting with GRP78 to induce autophagy [119]. This, in turn, inhibits the phosphorylation of both Akt and mTOR proteins [120], thereby reducing their inhibitory effect on autophagy [118]. SADS-CoV promotes autophagy in the presence of viral replication transcriptional complexes, resulting in the increased expression of the autophagy marker LC3-II and the elevation of the double-membrane vesicle (DMV) structure [121].…”

Swine Enteric Coronavirus: Diverse Pathogen–Host Interactions

“…The transcriptome results of SADS-CoV in Vero-E6 cells show that SADS-CoV infection down-regulates the expression of PI3K and AKT genes in the autophagy-related PI3K/Akt/mTOR signal pathway, suggesting that autophagy plays a proviral role in SADS-CoV infection [ 112 ]. The relationship between SADS-CoV and autophagy needs to be further studied due to the short time of discovery.…”

The Effects of Swine Coronaviruses on ER Stress, Autophagy, Apoptosis, and Alterations in Cell Morphology

“…For instance, p53 is a proapoptotic protein involved in the gene transcription of DNA repair and cell cycle arrest. In contrast to caspase-dependent apoptosis, caspase-independent apoptosis is induced by released mitochondrial proteins or lysosomal membrane permeabilization [105]. For example, apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), a mitochondrial protein, induces caspase-independent apoptosis by translocating from the mitochondrial intermembrane space to the nucleus [106].…”