Transcriptional regulation of chemokine gene expression in astrocytes

High Glucose-Induced Expression of Proinflammatory Cytokine and Chemokine Genes in Monocytic Cells

“…We observed marked two-to fourfold increases in mRNA expression of not only cytokines such as TNF-␣ and IL-1␤, but also their receptors: TNF-R and IL-1R, CD27L (related to TNF-R), chemokines MCP-1 and IP-10, chemokine receptors such as CCR-2B, members of TGF-␤ superfamily, adhesion molecules such as MCAM and PECAM-1, integrins such as ␤ 2 -integrin, proteases (MMP-13), protease inhibitors (TIMP-2), and nuclear receptors. IP-10 is a novel IFN-␥-inducible chemokine (19,20) that was recently shown to be increased in diabetic patients (21) and to possess chemotactic effects (22)(23)(24). The observed stimulation of these chemokines and integrin expression could be relevant to increased monocyte adhesion, transmigration, and infiltration, as seen in diabetes.…”

Transcriptional control of the human MCP-2 gene promoter by IFN-γ and IL-1β in connective tissue cells

“…H-APF-1 is a nuclear factor induced by IL-6 during acute inflammation [42]. GAS is an ''IFN-␥-activated siteЈЈ [38]. AP-1 was originally described as a factor involved in the transcriptional induction of several genes in response to specific reagents, including TPA and IL-1 [43,44].…”

“…Known IFN-␥-responsive elements are as follows: ISRE (IFN-sensitive response element) with the consensus sequence GTTTCNNTTTCNC, GAS (␥-activated sequence) the consensus for which is TTNCNNNAA, the IRF binding site TTCNNTTT, and the ␥-IRE with consensus CWKKANNY [37,38]. Reporter gene assays and DNA binding experiments revealed the importance of a GAS-element at position -152 for induction with IFN-␥ in the MCP-1 promoter [38]. In the MCP-2 promoter, several GAS elements were detected but none of these were located in the region between -340 and -301.…”

“…The sequence has been deposited at the EMBL Nucleotide Sequence Database under the Accession Number Y18047. This 5Ј-upstream sequence was examined for transcription factor recognition elements [36][37][38]. Table 1 illustrates the ciselements that were found as well as the locations in the studied gene segment.…”

Identification of Upregulated Genes in Scrapie-Infected Brain Tissue

“…The chemokines IP-10 and BLC, so far only known as chemoattractants for T and B cells (19,22,29), respectively, are likely to be produced by activated glial cells (30). However, since infiltrating lymphoid cells are rarely observed in scrapie, IP-10 and BLC may bind to other target cells in the brain rather than to cells in lymphoid organs.…”