Transcriptional Regulation of Steroidogenic Genes: STARD1, CYP11A1 and HSD3B

LaVoie, Holly A.; King, Steven R.

doi:10.3181/0903-mr-97

Cited by 225 publications

(170 citation statements)

References 409 publications

(623 reference statements)

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“…The steroid hormones are lipophilic, low-molecular weight organic compounds all of which are derived from cholesterol [1][2][3][4][5][6]. They share a typical but not identical cyclopentano-perhydrophenanthrene nucleus (steroid nucleus) of cholesterol.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They share a typical but not identical cyclopentano-perhydrophenanthrene nucleus (steroid nucleus) of cholesterol. They are mainly synthesized by steroidogenic glands such as gonads (ovary and testis), the adrenals and, during pregnancy, by the placental trophoblasts, and are then released into the bloodstream [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Based on their physiological functions, the steroid hormones are broadly classified into three categories: the glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids and sex steroids (androgens and estrogens).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The adrenal cortex produces mineralocorticoids (aldosterone, deoxycorticosterone), glucocorticoids (cortisol, corticosterone), and sex steroids (mainly the androgen precursors dehydroepiandrosterone [DHEA] and androstenedione); mineralocorticoids are mainly produced in the zona glomerulosa zone, whereas glucocorticoids are principally produced in the zona fasciculate of the adrenal cortex. The adrenal sex steroid (androgens) are mainly a product of the zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex [1][2][3][4][5][6]8]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Testosterone is a major androgen produced in the testis, and its primary site of synthesis is in Leydig cells [1][2][3][4][5][6]9]. The ovaries secrete three major sex steroids: estrogens, androgens and progestin [1][2][3][4][5][6]10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ovaries secrete three major sex steroids: estrogens, androgens and progestin [1][2][3][4][5][6]10]. The 17-estradiol is the principal estrogen secreted by the ovarian theca cells.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of Aging on Steroid Hormone Biosynthesis and Secretion

Zaidi¹

2013

TOLSJ

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Steroid hormones are lipophilic, low-molecular weight organic compounds all of which are derived from cholesterol. They are primarily synthesized by steroidogenic glands such as gonads (ovary and testis), the adrenal gland and, during pregnancy, by the placental trophoblasts. Limited steroid synthesis also takes place in the brain. Steroid hormones are crucial for the proper functioning of the body. They mediate a wide variety of vital physiological functions, ranging from maintaining normal reproductive function and secondary sexual characteristics, to regulating virtually every metabolic process in the body. Like many age-related endocrine disorders, aging also progressively impacts the tissue-specific synthesis and secretion of steroid hormones. The goal of this review is to summarize the effects of aging on steroid hormone synthesis and secretion by the adrenal gland and gonads of both human and experimental animal models, to describe the potential involvement of excessive oxidative stress in mediating age-related alterations in steroidogenesis, and to discuss the possible underlying mechanisms involved.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ovaries secrete three major sex steroids: estrogens, androgens and progestin [1][2][3][4][5][6]10]. The 17-estradiol is the principal estrogen secreted by the ovarian theca cells.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of Aging on Steroid Hormone Biosynthesis and Secretion

Zaidi¹

2013

TOLSJ

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The ecology and evolutionary endocrinology of reproduction in the human female

Vitzthum

2009

American J Phys Anthropol

152

114

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Human reproductive ecology (HRE) is the study of the mechanisms that link variation in reproductive traits with variation in local habitats. Empirical and theoretical contributions from biological anthropology, physiology, and demography have established the foundation necessary for developing a comprehensive understanding, grounded in life history theory (LHT), of temporal, individual, and populational variation in women's reproductive functioning. LHT posits that natural selection leads to the evolution of mechanisms that tend to allocate resources to the competing demands of growth, reproduction, and survival such that fitness is locally maximized. (That is, among alternative allocation patterns exhibited in a population, those having the highest inclusive fitness will become more common over generational time.) Hence, strategic modulation of reproductive effort is potentially adaptive because investment in a new conception may risk one's own survival, future reproductive opportunities, and/or current offspring survival. The hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis is the principal neuroendocrine pathway by which the human female modulates reproductive functioning according to the changing conditions in her habitat. Adjustments of reproductive investment in a potential conception are manifested in temporal and individual variation in ovarian cycle length, ovulation, hormone levels, and the probability of conception. Understanding the extent and causes of adaptive and non-adaptive variation in ovarian functioning is fundamental to ascertaining the proximate and remote determinants of human reproductive patterns. In this review I consider what is known and what still needs to be learned of the ecology of women's reproductive biology, beginning with a discussion of the principal explanatory frameworks in HRE and the biometry of ovarian functioning. Turning next to empirical studies, it is evident that marked variation between cycles, women, and populations is the norm rather than an aberration. Other than woman's age, the determinants of these differences are not well characterized, although developmental conditions, dietary practices, genetic variation, and epigenetic mechanisms have all been hypothesized to play some role. It is also evident that the reproductive functioning of women born and living in arduous conditions is not analogous to that of athletes, dieters, or even the lower end of the ''normal range'' of HPO functioning in wealthier populations. Contrary to the presumption that humans have low fecundity and an inefficient reproductive system, both theory and present evidence suggest that we may actually have very high fecundity and a reproductive system that has evolved to be flexible, ruthlessly efficient and, most importantly, strategic. It would be instructive to know not only by what physiological mechanisms a just apportionment is made between the nutriment devoted to the gonads and that devoted to the rest of the parental organism, but also what circumstances in the life-history and e...

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Conjugated linoleic acid decreases prostaglandin synthesis in bovine luteal cells in vitro

May

Bobe

Mueller

et al. 2011

Molecular Reproduction Devel

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Feeding conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) improves reproductive performance in dairy cows; however, the molecular mechanisms by which CLA improves reproduction are not understood. The effect of the CLA isomers, trans-10, cis-12 CLA and cis-9, trans-11 CLA on synthesis of progesterone, PGE(2) , and PGF(2α) , in bovine luteal cells was determined in this study. Luteal cells from three cows were cultured in medium containing 0 or 0.1 µM of trans-10, cis-12 CLA and cis-9, trans-11 CLA in varying ratios in the presence and absence of 1 µM of forskolin. Prostaglandin and progesterone concentrations were not altered by CLA isomer and ratio. Luteal cells cultured in the presence of CLA had lower PGF(2α) concentrations (62.6 ± 13.4 pg/ml vs. 55.7 ± 12.2 pg/ml; P = 0.005) and, in the absence of forskolin, lower PGE(2) concentrations (65.3 ± 15.1 pg/ml vs. 32.4 ± 14.1 pg/ml; P = 0.002) in culture media, while progesterone concentrations were not altered (P = 0.63). Relative steady-state mRNA amounts of COX-2 (1.7-fold decrease; P = 0.002), PGE synthase (1.5-fold decrease; P = 0.03) and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (1.6-fold decrease; P = 0.0003) were lower in CLA-treated cultures, but CLA did not significantly alter mRNA amounts of PGE(2) 9-keto-reductase, StAR, and cytochrome P450 side chain cleavage enzyme. In conclusion, a potential mechanism exists by which trans-10, cis-12 CLA and cis-9, trans-11 CLA may improve reproductive performance in dairy cows, by suppressing PGF(2α) synthesis in luteal cells via attenuation of COX-2 gene expression.

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Transcriptional Regulation of Steroidogenic Genes: STARD1, CYP11A1 and HSD3B

Cited by 225 publications

References 409 publications

Impact of Aging on Steroid Hormone Biosynthesis and Secretion

Impact of Aging on Steroid Hormone Biosynthesis and Secretion

The ecology and evolutionary endocrinology of reproduction in the human female

Conjugated linoleic acid decreases prostaglandin synthesis in bovine luteal cells in vitro

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