Transcriptome analysis of Ganoderma lingzhi (Agaricomycetes) response to Trichoderma hengshanicum infection

Abstract

Green mold caused by Trichoderma spp. has become one of the most serious diseases which threatening the production of Ganoderma lingzhi. To understand the possible resistance mechanism of the G. lingzhi response to T. hengshanicum infection, we examined the G. lingzhi transcript accumulation at 0, 12, and 24 h after T. hengshanicum inoculation. The gene expression analysis was conducted on the interaction between G. lingzhi and T. hengshanicum using RNA-seq and digital gene expression (DGE) profiling methods. Transcriptome sequencing indicated that there were 162 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at three infection time points, containing 15 up-regulated DEGs and 147 down-regulated DEGs. Resistance-related genes thaumatin-like proteins (TLPs) (PR-5s), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, and Beta-1,3-glucan binding protein were significantly up-regulated. At the three time points of infection, the heat shock proteins (HSPs) genes of G. lingzhi were down-regulated. The down-regulation of HSPs genes led to the inhibition of HSP function, which may compromise the HSP-mediated defense signaling transduction pathway, leading to G. lingzhi susceptibility. Pathway enrichment analyses showed that the main enriched pathways by G. lingzhi after infection were sphingolipid metabolism, ether lipid metabolism, and valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation pathway. Overall, the results described here improve fundamental knowledge of molecular responses to G. lingzhi defense and contribute to the design of strategies against Trichoderma spp.

Thaumatin-like Proteins in Legumes: Functions and Potential Applications—A Review

“…A recent study showed that 19 classes of PR proteins can be distinguished based on structural similarity and functional activity [ 1 , 4 ], of which, thaumatin-like proteins (TLPs)—the homologies of sweet-tasting thaumatin isolated from the plant Thaumatococcus daniellii —belong to the PR-5 family [ 5 , 6 ]. Growing evidence shows that TLPs are involved in resistance to a variety of fungal diseases in many species, such as Gossypium hirsutum [ 7 ], Gossypium barbadense [ 8 ], Solanum lycopersicum [ 4 , 9 ], Phyllostachys edulis [ 10 ], Ganoderma lingzhi [ 11 ], Triticum aestivum L. [ 12 , 13 ], Carya cathayensis [ 14 ], Fragaria ananassa [ 15 ], Allium sativum L. [ 16 ], Pinus radiata [ 17 ], Lentinula edodes [ 18 ], Camellia sinensis [ 19 ], Cucumis melo L. [ 20 ], Avena nuda [ 5 ], Musa acuminate [ 21 ], Manihot esculenta [ 22 ], Vitis amurensis [ 23 ], Populus szechuanica [ 24 ], Camellia sinensis [ 25 ], Piper colubrinum [ 26 ], Cynanchum komarovii [ 27 ], Castanea sativa [ 28 ], Actinidia chinensis [ 29 ], and Lyophyllum shimeji [ 30 ].…”

An In-Depth Study of Phytopathogenic Ganoderma: Pathogenicity, Advanced Detection Techniques, Control Strategies, and Sustainable Management

“…Ganoderma employs colonization strategies to establish itself within the host, overcoming plant defense mechanisms [ 20 , 21 ]. The pathogen also triggers a series of defense responses in the plant, and understanding these interactions can help develop strategies to enhance plant resistance and suppress Ganoderma proliferation [ 22 , 23 ].…”