“…For instance, guppies present different innate and acquired immunity against G. turnbulli between and within populations (Scott and Anderson, 1984; Madhavi and Anderson, 1985; Cable and van Oosterhout, 2007 a ; Stephenson et al ., 2015); in Trinidad, guppies from Lower Aripo show a superior innate response and greater resistance than fish from Upper Aripo (Cable and van Oosterhout, 2007 b ). Similar variation is reported in other fishes parasitized by gyrodactylids, such as the Atlantic salmon, S. salar (Bakke et al ., 1996; Buchmann et al ., 2005; Gilbey et al ., 2006; Matějusová et al ., 2006), three-spined stickleback, G. aculeatus (de Roij et al ., 2010; Robertson et al ., 2017), goldfish, C. auratus (Zhou et al ., 2018, 2021) and rainbow trout, O. mykiss (Lindenstrøm and Buchmann, 2000; Lindenstrøm et al ., 2004).…”