Transcriptome Reprogramming of Tomato Orchestrate the Hormone Signaling Network of Systemic Resistance Induced by Chaetomium globosum

Abstract

Chaetomium globosum is a potential biological control agent effective against various plant pathogens. Several reports are available on the mycoparastism and antibiosis mechanisms of C. globosum against plant pathogenic fungi, whereas a few states induced resistance. The potential induced defense component of C. globosum (Cg-2) was evaluated against early blight disease of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and further, global RNA sequencing was performed to gain deep insight into its mechanism. The expression of marker genes of hormone signaling pathways, such as PR1, PiII, PS, PAL, Le4, and GluB were analyzed using real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) to determine the best time point for RNA sequencing. The transcriptome data revealed that 22,473 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were expressed in tomato at 12 h post Cg-2 inoculation as compared with control plants and among these 922 DEGs had a fold change of −2 to +2 with p < 0.05. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis revealed that most of the DEGs were belonging to metabolic pathways, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, plant–pathogen interaction, chlorophyll metabolism, and plant hormone signal transduction. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis revealed that DEGs were enriched mainly related to binding activity (GO:0005488), catalytic activity (GO:0003824), metabolic process (GO:0008152), cellular process (GO:0009987), response to stimulus (GO:0050896), biological regulation (GO:0065007), and transcription regulator activity (GO:0140110). The gene modulations in hormone signaling transduction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MPK) signaling indicated the upregulation of genes in these pathways. The results revealed active participation of jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) signaling transduction pathways which further indicated the involvement of induced systemic resistance (ISR) and systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in the systemic resistance induced by Cg-2 in tomato.

Temporal transcriptome of tomato elucidates the signaling pathways of induced systemic resistance and systemic acquired resistance activated by Chaetomium globosum

“…C. globosum is a biocontrol fungus which is reported to be effective against various pathogens such as A. solani in tomato (early blight) (Singh et al, 2021), Alternaria alertnata in tomato (leaf spot) (Fayyadh and Yousif, 2019), Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in tomato (F. wilt) (Madbouly et al, 2017), Bipolaris sorokiniana in wheat (spot blotch) (Aggarwal et al, 2004;Aggarwal et al, 2011), Phytophthora infestans in potato (late blight) (Shanthiyaa et al, 2013) and Fusarium graminearum in potato (dry rot) (Jiang et al, 2017).…”

Biostimulant Effects of Chaetomium globosum and Minimedusa polyspora Culture Filtrates on Cichorium intybus Plant: Growth Performance and Metabolomic Traits

“…Nevertheless, C. globosum and its metabolites have been previously reported as an effective plant growth promoter of C. annuum (pepper), Brassica juncea (mustard), Solanum lycopersicum (tomato), Pennisetum americanum (pearl millet), Z. mays (maize), and N. tabacum (tobacco). In all the abovementioned species, an increase in biomass production was recorded, and, as appropriate, C. globosum caused an increase also in various morphological and physiological parameters of growth and development such as shoot growth, plant height, root length, leaf area, chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, seed germination, and nutrient uptake (Tarafdar and Gharu, 2006 ; Abou Alhamed and Shebany, 2012 ; Khan et al, 2012 ; Kumar et al, 2021 ; Singh et al, 2021 ; Tarroum et al, 2021 ). Unfortunately, no other studies addressing the effect of C. globosum on C. intybus are available in the literature, and therefore, it is not possible to determine whether its inefficiency is related to the test conditions in this study or to the specific plant-fungal strain interaction.…”

“…C. globosum is a widely studied species, and several studies highlighted the production of a wide array of bioactive metabolites such as hydrocarbons, phenols, terpenoids, and sulfur compounds, including 4-methyl-(1,5-dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-benzene, tetradecane, dodecane, hexadecane, β-bisabolene, and dimethyl-propyl-disulfide that were identified as major components, and chlorinated azaphilone derivatives such as chaetomugilins and chaetoglobosins with antifungal activity (Qin et al, 2009 ; Abdel-Azeem, 2020 ; Kumar et al, 2020 , 2021 ). Moreover, it has already been reported as a plant growth promoter species and as an effective biocontrol agent against a large number of fungal pathogens and nematodes (Aggarwal et al, 2004 , 2016 ; Tarafdar and Gharu, 2006 ; Abou Alhamed and Shebany, 2012 ; Biswas et al, 2012 ; Khan et al, 2012 , 2019 ; Hu et al, 2013 ; Yan et al, 2018 ; Abdel-Azeem, 2020 ; Moya et al, 2020 ; Kumar et al, 2021 ; Linkies et al, 2021 ; Singh et al, 2021 ).…”

Comprehensive Biochemical, Physiological, and Transcriptomic Analyses Provide Insights Into Floral Bud Dormancy in Rhododendron delavayi Franch

“…The quantitative real-time PCR machine was used to accomplish the polymerase chain reaction (CFX96 Touch Real-Time PCR system, Biorad, Hercules, CA, United States). The qRT-PCR was accomplished by repeating each reaction three times and from three biological samples ( Singh et al, 2021 ). The PCR was performed under the following conditions: 94°C (4 min) at the initial step, 94°C (15 s) for 40 cycles, 57°C (30 s), 70°C (30 s), 72°C (1 min) for the dissociation step, and a rise of 1°C at a regular interval of 5 s to shift from 75 to 90°C for acquiring the melting curve ( Singh et al, 2020 ).…”