2020
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70248-y
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Transcriptome sequencing supports a conservation of macrophage polarization in fish

Abstract: Mammalian macrophages can adopt polarization states that, depending on the exact stimuli present in their extracellular environment, can lead to very different functions. Although these different polarization states have been shown primarily for macrophages of humans and mice, it is likely that polarized macrophages with corresponding phenotypes exist across mammals. evidence of functional conservation in macrophages from teleost fish suggests that the same, or at least comparable polarization states should al… Show more

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Cited by 31 publications
(29 citation statements)
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References 116 publications
(279 reference statements)
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“…Furthermore, the cytokine profile in ACJ suggests a modulation of M1/M2 response, which has been reported as conserved in fish ( 53 ). While M1 macrophages increases the robustness of the immune response, M2 macrophages act as repair cells, capable of controlling tissue damage caused by both pathogens and the action of the immune system itself, through a phenotype regulated by molecules such as Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) and IL-10 ( 52 , 54 ).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Furthermore, the cytokine profile in ACJ suggests a modulation of M1/M2 response, which has been reported as conserved in fish ( 53 ). While M1 macrophages increases the robustness of the immune response, M2 macrophages act as repair cells, capable of controlling tissue damage caused by both pathogens and the action of the immune system itself, through a phenotype regulated by molecules such as Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) and IL-10 ( 52 , 54 ).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…M2 macrophages can be activated by anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 or IL-13) ( 21 ) and their main functions are to generate extracellular matrix and polyamines for cell growth and division, in addition to protein synthesis necessary for the healing process ( 22 ). There are many indications that the polarized macrophage phenotypes exist also in teleost fish ( 23 , 24 ), and the presence of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS2) and arginase-2 (Arg2) have been defined as M1 and M2 specific markers, respectively ( 22 ).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…PRV-1 infected, pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages are found in the early stages of the spot formation, while PRV-1 infected melano-macrophages of the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype, associated with tissue repair and regeneration, are found late in the spot development ( 23 ). M1 polarized macrophages have a role in inactivation of pathogens through release of nitric oxide produced by the inducible nitric oxide synthase enzyme (iNOS2), whereas arginase-2 (Arg2) is considered as a marker for M2 type macrophages in teleost fish species ( 24 , 25 ).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%