Transcriptomic analysis of the host response to early stage salmonid alphavirus (SAV-1) infection in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L.

Herath, Tharangani; Bron, James E.; Thompson, Kim D.; Taggart, John B.; Adams, Alexandra; Ireland, J.; Richards, R. H.

doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2012.02.001

Cited by 28 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…e �ndings of the study re�ected mechanisms used by the host to protect itself during the early stages of SAV-1 infection. In particular, there was evidence of rapid induction of interferon-mediated responses similar to those seen during mammalian alphavirus infections, and also early involvement of an adaptive immune response [176].…”

Section: Infection Of Fishmentioning

confidence: 89%

The Pathogenesis of Alphaviruses

Atkins

2013

ISRN Virology

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Alphaviruses are enveloped single-stranded positive sense RNA viruses of the family Togaviridae. e genus alphavirus contains nine viruses, which are of medical, theoretical, or economic importance, and which will be considered. Sindbis virus (SINV) and Semliki Forest (SFV), although of some medical importance, have largely been studied as models of viral pathogenicity. In mice, SINV and SFV infect neurons in the central nervous system and virulent strains induce lethal encephalitis, whereas avirulent strains of SFV induce demyelination. SFV infects the developing foetus and can be teratogenic. Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis virus, Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus, and Western Equine Encephalitis virus can induce encephalitis in horses and humans. ey are prevalent in the Americas and are mosquito transmitted. Ross River virus, Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), and O'nyong-nyong virus (ONNV) are prevalent in Australasia, Africa and Asia, and Africa, respectively. ONNV virus is transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes, while the other alphaviruses are transmitted by culicine mosquitoes. CHIKV has undergone adaptation to a new mosquito host which has increased its host range beyond Africa. Salmonid alphavirus is of economic importance in the farmed salmon and trout industry. It is postulated that future advances in research on alphavirus pathogenicity will come in the �eld of innate immunity.

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Section: Infection Of Fishmentioning

confidence: 89%

The Pathogenesis of Alphaviruses

Atkins

2013

ISRN Virology

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“…For interferons, it has been shown that these environments can yield different effects on viruses [27,28]. While a recent study has shown that IFNα and its stimulated genes are up-regulated at early time (1–5 days) in the kidneys following SAV-1 infection of Atlantic salmon [29], antiviral responses in target organs remain unknown. The purpose of the present study therefore was to examine in-vivo host responses, especially IFNα and ISG, following experimental infection of Atlantic salmon with SAV-3 in target organs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gene expression studies of host response to Salmonid alphavirus subtype 3 experimental infections in Atlantic salmon

Guo

Mutoloki

et al. 2012

Vet Res

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Salmonid alphavirus subtype-3 (SAV-3) infection in Atlantic salmon is exclusively found in Norway. The salmonid alphaviruses have been well characterized at the genome level but there is limited information about the host-pathogen interaction phenomena. This study was undertaken to characterize the replication and spread of SAV-3 in internal organs of experimentally infected Atlantic salmon and the subsequent innate and adaptive immune responses. In addition, suitability of a cohabitation challenge model for this virus was also examined. Groups of fish were infected by intramuscular injection (IM), cohabited (CO) or kept uninfected in a separate tank. Samples of pancreas, kidney, spleen, heart and skeletal muscles were collected at 2, 4 and 8 weeks post infection (wpi). Pathological changes were assessed by histology concurrently with viral loads and mRNA expression of immune genes by real time RT-PCR. Pathological changes were only observed in the pancreas and heart (target organs) of both IM and CO groups, with changes appearing first in the pancreas (2 wpi) in the former. Lesions with increasing severity over time coincided with high viral loads despite significant induction of IFN-α, Mx and ISG15. IFN-γ and MHC-I were expressed in all tissues examined and their induction appeared in parallel with that of IL-10. Inflammatory genes TNF-α, IL-12 and IL-8 were only induced in the heart during pathology while T cell-related genes CD3ε, CD4, CD8, TCR-α and MHC-II were expressed in target organs at 8 wpi. These findings suggest that the onset of innate responses came too late to limit virus replication. Furthermore, SAV-3 infections in Atlantic salmon induce Th1/cytotoxic responses in common with other alphaviruses infecting higher vertebrates. Our findings demonstrate that SAV-3 can be transmitted via the water making it suitable for a cohabitation challenge model.

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“…Innate and adaptive immune systems play an important and interdependent role in antiviral defence mechanisms. Several important immune response cascades are activated at a both transcriptional and translational level (Braceland et al, 2013;Graham, Rowley, & Frost, 2014;Grove et al, 2013;Herath et al, 2012;Moore, Jarungsriapisit, et al, 2017). Cells such as neutrophils/granulocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, B and T cells respond to pathogen invasion and are important during the initial response and further activation of the adaptive immune system.…”

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confidence: 99%

Time after seawater transfer influences immune cell abundance and responses to SAV3 infection in Atlantic salmon

Jarungsriapisit

Moore

Fiksdal

et al. 2018

Journal of Fish Diseases

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Pancreas disease (PD) caused by salmonid alphavirus (SAV) severely affects salmonid aquaculture during the seawater phase. To characterize immune cells in target tissues for SAV infection, heart, pancreas and pyloric caeca were analysed from two groups of fish adapted to seawater for 2 and 9 weeks. The sections were scored for the relative abundance of cells expressing MHC class II, IgM, CD3, CD8 or neutrophil/granulocyte markers using immuno-histochemical techniques. In general, necrosis of tissue was more severe in fish infected at 2 weeks post-seawater transfer (wpt) compared with those infected at 9 wpt. At 9 wpt, there were higher numbers of MHC II cells in heart, pancreas and pyloric caeca, IgM cells in heart and pancreas, and CD3 cells in pancreas compared to those infected at 2 wpt. The majority of the immune cells infiltrating PD-affected tissues were MHC II and CD3 cells suggesting that antigen-presenting cells and T lymphocytes are the main types of immune cells responding to SAV infection. All the investigated cell types were also observed in pyloric caeca of infected fish, suggesting that this tissue may play a role in the immune response to SAV.

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Transcriptomic analysis of the host response to early stage salmonid alphavirus (SAV-1) infection in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L.

Cited by 28 publications

References 57 publications

The Pathogenesis of Alphaviruses

The Pathogenesis of Alphaviruses

Gene expression studies of host response to Salmonid alphavirus subtype 3 experimental infections in Atlantic salmon

Time after seawater transfer influences immune cell abundance and responses to SAV3 infection in Atlantic salmon

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