Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Reprogramming to Explore the High-Altitude Adaptation of Medicinal Plants: A Review

Transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics interventions prompt crop improvement against metal(loid) toxicity

“…Transcriptomics has become a critical tool in unraveling the molecular responses of plants to metal(loid) toxicity. This approach allows researchers to study RNA transcripts and gene expression patterns in response to metal(loid) exposure, offering insights into the genes, signaling pathways, and molecular interactions involved (Bhardwaj et al 2021 ; Yang et al 2021 ; Ullah et al 2022 ; Raza et al 2023 ; Kumar et al 2023 ). Over the years, transcriptomics has evolved in various directions, including single-cell transcriptomics (Almet et al 2021 ; Bobrovskikh et al 2021 ; Giacomello 2021 ) and spatial transcriptomics (Larsson et al 2021 ; Marx 2021 ), which offer high-resolution views of cellular mechanisms and interactions (Giacomello 2021 ; Longo et al 2021 ).…”

“…In recent years, biotechnology-assisted breeding and stress management advances have significantly progressed development of climate-resilient crops for future cultivation. Among modern biotechnological tools, omics techniques such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, ionomics, miRNAomics, and phenomics have emerged as powerful means to unravel the responses and tolerance mechanisms associated with metal(loid) stress in plants (Jamla et al 2021 ; Khan et al 2021 ; Raza et al 2022 , 2023 ; Rahman et al 2022 ; Sharma et al 2022 ; Kumar et al 2023 ). Among these, transcriptomics or RNA sequencing, proteomics, and metabolomics hold immense potential in elucidating stress-responsive genes, proteins, metabolites, metabolic pathways, and complex processes during plant development under metal(loid) toxicity, ultimately paving the way for omics-assisted crop improvement (Fig.…”