Transcriptomic Responses of Mycoplasma bovis Upon Treatments of trans-Cinnamaldehyde, Carvacrol, and Eugenol

Abstract

Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) is an insidious, wall-less primary bacterial pathogen that causes bovine pneumonia, mid-ear infection, mastitis, and arthritis. The economic losses caused by M. bovis due to culling, diminished milk production, and feed conversion are underestimated because of poor diagnosis/recognition. Treatment with common antibiotics targeting the cell wall is ineffective. Plant-derived antimicrobials (PDAs) such as food-grade trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC), eugenol (EU), and carvacrol (CAR) are inexpensive and generally regarded as safe for humans and animals yet possess strong anti-bacterial properties. In preliminary studies, we found that all three PDAs inhibited the growth of M. bovis in vitro. Through RNA sequencing, we report here that CAR affected the expression of 153 genes which included the downregulation of energy generation-related proteins, pentose phosphate pathway, and upregulation of ribosomes and translation-related proteins. Few differentially expressed genes were found when M. bovis was treated with TC, EU, or when the three PDAs were double or triple combined. Our results suggest that, as opposed to the effect of CAR, the growth-inhibitory effects of TC and EU at levels tested may be exerted through mechanisms other than gene expression regulations.

Transcriptome Sequencing Reveals Tgf-β-Mediated Noncoding RNA Regulatory Mechanisms Involved in DNA Damage in the 661W Photoreceptor Cell Line

“…Moreover, the inhibition of Tgf-β signaling affected a variety of biological functions and pathways associated with DNA damage and repair, such as nucleotidyltransferase activity, regulation of nuclease activity, posttranscriptional modification of DNA damage response, and repair proteins and translesion DNA synthesis (TLS) ( Figure 3 A,B). Among these, nucleotidyltransferases are a family of enzymes that can add nucleotides to substrates such as DNA, and they are involved in DNA damage and repair [ 41 ]. For example, Tang et al reported that DNA polymerase β (Pol β) could act as a nucleotidyltransferase and is involved in the repair pathway for single nucleotide base excision repair (BER) [ 42 ].…”