Transdermal drug delivery: principles and opioid therapy

Microneedle characterisation: the need for universal acceptance criteria and GMP specifications when moving towards commercialisation

“…Furthermore, the convenience and non-invasive nature of TDD offers improved patient acceptability and compliance. The TDD market, worth $12.7 billion dollars in 2005, is expected to reach $32 billion in 2015 and as such, has been an important area of pharmaceutical research and development for the last few decades [1,2,3,4].…”

Microneedles for drug delivery: trends and progress

“…Transdermal delivery includes the applications of gels, creams, ointments and more recently TDP (Margetts & Sawyer, 2007;Behin et al, 2013;Nalesniak et al, 2013). One transdermally delivered drug that is commonly used is nicotine (Ravi et al, 2011), first developed in 1984 by Rose et al (1984) to help smokers give up smoking.…”

“…One transdermally delivered drug that is commonly used is nicotine (Ravi et al, 2011), first developed in 1984 by Rose et al (1984) to help smokers give up smoking. The drug was Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved in 1991 and has been on the market since 1992 (Margetts & Sawyer, 2007).…”

“…Although there are several commercially available TDPs, they are limited by the SC, which includes overcoming the mass transfer resistance (Margetts & Sawyer, 2007). TDPs administer drugs via passive diffusion as illustrated in Figure 1(A) (Shah et al, 2011).…”

“…There are two mechanisms for the storage of drugs on TDPs. A drug is either stored in a reservoir or incorporated into the transdermal patch fabric, whereby it is transported across the skin via a concentration gradient (Margetts & Sawyer, 2007). Although these methods have shown to be applicable for a variety of drug formulations, they are still limited by the drug molecules that can permeate through the SC barrier.…”