Formation of GTP by nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) can contribute to G protein activation in vitro.To study the effect of NDPK on G protein activity in living cells, the NDPK isoforms A and B were stably expressed in H10 cells, a cell line derived from neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Overexpression of either NDPK isoform had no effect on cellular GTP and ATP levels, basal cAMP levels, basal adenylyl cyclase activity, and the expression of G s ␣ and G i ␣ proteins. However, co-expression of G s ␣ led to an increase in cAMP synthesis that was largely enhanced by the expression of NDPK B, but not NDPK A, and that was confirmed by direct measurement of adenylyl cyclase activity. Cells expressing an inactive NDPK B mutant (H118N) exhibited a decreased cAMP formation in response to G s ␣. Co-immunoprecipitation studies demonstrated a complex formation of the NDPK with G␥ dimers. The overexpression of NDPK B, but not its inactive mutant or NDPK A, increased the phosphorylation of G subunits. In summary, our data demonstrate a specific NDPK B-mediated activation of a G protein in intact cells, which is apparently caused by formation of NDPK B⅐G␥ complexes and which appears to contribute to the receptor-independent activation of heterotrimeric G proteins.
Nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK)1 catalyzes the transfer of terminal phosphate groups from 5Ј-triphosphate to 5Ј-diphosphate nucleotides. In the cell, the major reaction is the phosphate transfer from ATP to other NDPs to maintain the levels of NTPs, especially the relatively high level of GTP. Only a small fraction of cellular NDPK binds to the plasma membrane, where it may serve the synthesis of GTP, required for the activation of G proteins (1-3). An activation of G proteins by NDPK has been disputed for more than 10 years. Although numerous in vitro studies (4 -7) have shown G protein activation through the enzymatic activity of NDPK (synthesis of GTP from a nucleoside triphosphate and GDP), the specificity of this phenomenon has been questioned (8, 9). Particularly in the intact cell, where GTP concentrations are in the upper micromolar range, evidence for a mechanism beyond the sole synthesis of GTP appears mandatory to support this hypothesis. On the other hand, we have shown recently (10) that NDPK activates G proteins and regulates adenylyl cyclase activity in canine cardiac sarcolemmal membranes. This activation required the catalytic activity of NDPK (synthesis of GTP) but was clearly distinct from the effect of exogenous GTP, suggesting a more direct interaction of NDPK and G proteins.Evaluation of direct G protein activation through phosphotransfer by NDPK is associated with substantial methodological constraints. Mainly, GDP is released spontaneously from G proteins and may then serve as a free substrate for phosphorylation by the NDPK (8). Approaches to immobilize the bound GDP at the G protein (11) are associated with protein denaturation, which in turn may lead to unspecific protein phosphorylation by the NDPK (12). In addition, structural con...