“…These factors include brainâderived neurotrophic factor (BDNF; Buckland and Cunningham, 1999), glialâderived neurotrophic factor (GDNF; Buckland and Cunningham, 1999), fibroblast growth factorâ2 (FGF2; Goldstein et al, 1997), insulin growth factorâ1 (IGF1; Federico et al, 1999), transforming growth factorâÎČ (TGFÎČ; Farbman and Bucholz, 1996), and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF; Satoh and Yoshida, 1997). In addition, other proteins, such as nerve growth factor (NGF), may be transported retrogradely to the olfactory epithelium from the olfactory bulb (Miwa et al, 1993), although it is unclear whether NGF is normally expressed in nonbulbectomized epithelium (Aiba et al, 1993; Roskams et al, 1996). Detailed functional and mechanistic data utilizing these proteins both in vitro and in vivo, however, are lacking.…”