Transepidermal Potassium Ion, Chloride Ion, and Water Flux across Delipidized and Cellophane Tape-Stripped Skin

Lo, Jacob S.; Oriba, Howard A.; Maibach, Howard I.; Bailin, Phillip L.

doi:10.1159/000247992

Cited by 33 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The average baseline (before stripping) and final (after stripping) TEWL values, along with their standard deviations, were 10.12 ± 2.65 g.m −2 h −1 and 61.48 ± 18.78 g.m −2 h −1 respectively. This increase in TEWL is due to the barrier disruption and is in agreement with previous work [13,14,16,27].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

The determination of stratum corneum thickness An alternative approach

Russell¹,

Wiedersberg²,

Delgado‐Charro³

2008

European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics

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The individual thickness of the stratum corneum is required to normalize drug permeation profiles in dermatopharmacokinetic studies. The thickness is often estimated using tape-striping combined with transepidermal water loss measurements. A linear transformation of Fick's first law is used to relate the progressively thinner barrier with the corresponding increase in transepidermal water loss and to estimate the thickness by linear regression. However, the data from an important subset of subjects are poorly fitted to this linear model. This is typically due to the removal of loose outer layers of stratum corneum, which do not contribute significantly to barrier function. This work proposes two alternative non-linear models. All three models were used to fit data from 31 in vivo tape-striping experiments and their outcomes and goodness-of-fit compared. The results suggest that the linear model may overestimate the stratum corneum thickness and is open to subjectivity regarding the selection of data points to be fitted. The non-linear models satisfactorily fitted all the data, including all data points. No significant differences were found between the thicknesses derived from the two non-linear models. However, the analysis of the goodness-of-fit of the models to the data suggests a preference for a baseline-corrected approach.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

The determination of stratum corneum thickness An alternative approach

Russell¹,

Wiedersberg²,

Delgado‐Charro³

2008

European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics

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“…As occurs with calcium, it is likely that increased transepidermal water loss alters the epidermal potassium and phosphate concentration after barrier disruption due to increased passive loss. Studies by others have demonstrated increased potassium flux following disruption ofthe barrier (22). Calcium and potassium produce a synergistic inhibition ofbarrier recovery.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Disruption of the barrier is associated with increased ion flux across the skin (22 Additional evidence ofthe importance ofcalcium is shown by the effect ofinhibition ofcalcium transport on barrier recovery. Both verapamil and nifedipine, which are chemically unrelated and inhibit calcium transport into cells via the L channel (9), prevent the calcium induced inhibition of barrier repair.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calcium and potassium are important regulators of barrier homeostasis in murine epidermis.

Lee¹,

Elias²,

Proksch³

et al. 1992

J. Clin. Invest.

189

172

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Topical solvent treatment removes lipids from the stratum corneum leading to a marked increase in transepidermal water loss (TEWL). This disturbance stimulates a variety of metabolic changes in the epidermis leading to rapid repair of the barrier defect. Using an immersion system we explored the nature of the signal leading to barrier repair in intact mice. Initial experiments using hypotonic to hypertonic solutions showed that water transit per se was not the crucial signal. However, addition of calcium at concentrations as low as 0.01 mM inhibited barrier repair. Moreover, both verapamil and nifedipine, which block calcium transport into cells, prevented the calcium-induced inhibition of TEWL recovery. Additionally, trifluroperazine or N-6-aminohexyl-5-chloro-l-naphthalenesulfonamide, which inhibit calmodulin, prevented the calcium-induced inhibition of TEWL recovery. Although these results suggest an important role for calcium in barrier homeostasis, calcium alone was only modestly effective in inhibiting TEWL recovery. Potassium alone (10 mM) and phosphate alone (5 mM) also produced a modest inhibition of barrier repair. Together, however, calcium and potassium produced a synergistic inhibition of barrier repair (control 50% recovery vs. calcium + potassium 0-11% recovery in 2.5 h). Furthermore, in addition to inhibiting TEWL recovery, calcium and potassium also prevented the characteristic increase in 3-hydroxy-3-glutaryl CoA reductase activity that occurs after barrier disruption. Finally, the return of lipids to the stratum corneum was also blocked by calcium and potassium. These results demonstrate that the repair of the epidermal permeability barrier after solvent disruption can be prevented by calcium, potassium, and phosphate. The repair process may be signalled by a decrease in the concentrations of these ions in the upper epidermis resulting from increased water flux leading to passive loss of these ions. (J. Clin. Invest.

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“…There have been many adaptations and modifications to the technique since its introduction. Examples include using rubbertipped scrapers in place of wood, using a variety of aspiration fluids, and adding a velvet imprinting pad (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14).…”

Section: Abrasion Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%