Transesterification of sunflower oil over zeolites using different metal loading: A case of leaching and agglomeration studies

Ramos, María Jesús; Casas, Abraham; Rodríguez, Juan F.; Romero, Rubı́; Pérez, Ángel

doi:10.1016/j.apcata.2008.05.008

Cited by 173 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The catalytic activity of ZrO 2 in the transesterification reaction increased as it was enriched with more potassium anions as the catalyst became more basic (Georgogianni et al, 2009a(Georgogianni et al, , 2009b. Also, when different metal loading were used in the biodiesel production over heterogeneous catalysts, it was possible to observe how the incorporation of sodium increased the basic strength and the number of basic sites of the parent zeolite, increasing also the catalytic activity for producing methyl esters (Ramos et al, 2008).…”

Section: Determination Of Basicity Of the Catalystmentioning

confidence: 83%

Biodiesel production using solid metal oxide catalysts

Refaat

2010

Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

263

158

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Biodiesel production is worthy of continued study and optimization of production procedures due to its environmentally beneficial attributes and its renewable nature. Heterogeneous transesterification is considered to be a green process. The process requires neither catalyst recovery nor aqueous treatment steps and very high yields of methyl esters can be obtained, close to the theoretical value. However, heterogeneously catalyzed transesterification generally requires more severe operating conditions, and the performance of heterogeneous catalysts is generally lower than that of the commonly used homogeneous catalysts. Heterogeneous catalysis for biodiesel production has been extensively investigated in the last few years. Many metal oxides have been studied for the transesterification process of oils; these include alkali earth metal oxides, transition metal oxides, mixed metal oxides and supported metal oxides. The use of solid metal oxides as catalysts in oil transesterification is well established, accordingly, researchers' attempts are now focused on how to attain the highest catalyst activity. Catalyst activity is a function of its specific surface area, base strength and base site concentration. High specific surface area, strong base strength and high concentration of base sites are characteristics of an active transesterification catalyst. This review provides a brief overview of the different metal oxides frequently used in the process of transesterification of oils for the production of biodiesel with special reference to the various methods of catalyst preparation and catalyst characterization. Reaction conditions and catalyst leaching analysis are also highlighted. Finally, concluding remarks regarding catalyst selection and catalyst preparation steps are provided.

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Section: Determination Of Basicity Of the Catalystmentioning

confidence: 83%

Biodiesel production using solid metal oxide catalysts

Refaat

2010

Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

263

158

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“…Thus, most heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production contain alkali or alkali earth cations [4,5,8,9,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. However, most of the catalysts experienced deactivation, by leaching of the alkali species from the heterogeneous catalysts to reaction medium [1,20]. Several studies reported that Mg-Al hydrotalcites [4,5,21] and metal oxides (Al2O3-SnO, Al2O3-ZnO) [22] were active for the transesterification of vegetable oils with methanol at a relatively low reaction temperature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of sodium on the catalytic activity of ZnO–Al2O3/ZSM-5 and SnO–Al2O3/ZSM-5 for the transesterification of vegetable oil with methanol

Kim

Yan

Salley

et al. 2009

Catalysis Communications

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In order to elucidate the effect of sodium on the activity of ZSM-5 supported metal oxides catalysts (ZnO-Al2O3/ZSM-5 and SnO-Al2O3/ZSM-5) for the transesterification of soybean oil with methanol, ZSM-5 supported metal oxides were prepared with and without sodium hydroxide by impregnation. The metal compositions of the ZSM-5 supported metal oxide catalysts and the metal concentrations dissolved from the catalysts to the methylester phase were measured by SEM-EDS and inductive coupled plasma spectroscopy, respectively. The catalytic activity of ZnO-Al2O3/ZSM-5 and SnO-Al2O3/ZSM-5 containing sodium did not originate from surface metal oxides sites, but from surface sodium sites or dissolved sodium leached from the catalyst surface.

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“…Zeolites have the characteristics of acidic sites and shape selectivity, due to various pore structures as well as inner electric fields. Ramos et al [21] studied the preparation of biodiesel from sunflower oil with three types of zeolites (mordenite, beta, and X) which gave FAME yields as high as 93.5-95.1 wt% at a temperature of 60°C. Kusuma et al [22] impregnated natural zeolite with KOH, then stirred the mixture at 60°C for 24 h; it was oven-dried at 110°C for 24 h, and finally calcined at 450°C for 4 h. The prepared KOH/zeolite was used for the transesterification, with a catalyst amount of 3%, palm oil to methanol ratio of 1:7, and a reaction temperature of 60°C.…”

Section: Heterogeneous Catalystmentioning

confidence: 99%

Supercritical fluid technology in biodiesel production

Hoang

Bensaid

Saracco

2013

Green Processing and Synthesis

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Abstract:The synthesis of biodiesel has received attention as an alternative source of energy to decrease our dependence on petroleum-based fuels. The catalyzed processes present a series of limitations and drawbacks, among them the high energy required for complex purification and undesirable side reactions. Supercritical fluid (SCF) technology is being proved an efficient approach compared to traditional methods for preparing biodiesel. This review illustrates the advances, advantages, and drawbacks involved in the use of all current biodiesel production technologies.Keywords: biodiesel; catalyst; non-catalytic; supercritical fluid; transesterification. List of abbreviationsBDF, biodiesel fuel; FA, fatty acid; FFA, free fatty acid; FAAE, fatty acid alkyl ester; FAME, fatty acid methyl ester; FAEE, fatty acid ethyl

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Transesterification of sunflower oil over zeolites using different metal loading: A case of leaching and agglomeration studies

Cited by 173 publications

References 20 publications

Biodiesel production using solid metal oxide catalysts

Biodiesel production using solid metal oxide catalysts

The effect of sodium on the catalytic activity of ZnO–Al2O3/ZSM-5 and SnO–Al2O3/ZSM-5 for the transesterification of vegetable oil with methanol

Supercritical fluid technology in biodiesel production

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