Transesterification of vegetable oil to biodiesel using heterogeneous base catalyst

Kim, Hak Joo; Kang, Bo Kyeong; Kim, Min Ju; Park, Young Moo; Kim, Deog Keun; Lee, Jin Suk; Lee, Kwan Young

doi:10.1016/j.cattod.2004.06.007

Cited by 614 publications

(237 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Heterogeneous solid acid catalysts have been used as an alternative to basic and enzyme catalysts, since they can be used in both transesterification and esterification reactions (Kim et al, 2004). However, acid catalysts require high alcohol-to-oil molar ratios and catalyst concentrations to achieve satisfactory transesterification conversions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of biodiesel from Neem oil using sulfated zirconia via tranesterification

Muthu¹,

Sathyaselvabala²,

Varathachary³

et al. 2010

Braz. J. Chem. Eng.

114

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-Sulfated zirconia (SZ) is a widely used catalyst, which is synthesized by a solvent free method and the synthesized catalyst has been characterized. Neem Methyl Ester (Biodiesel) was prepared by a two-step process of esterification and transesterification from Neem oil with methanol in the presence of catalyst. Acid catalyst was used for the esterification and alkali catalyst (KOH) for the transesterification reaction. Optimal Free Fatty Acid (FFA) conversion was achieved using 1 wt% SZ as an acid catalyst with a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 9:1, temperature of 65°C and reaction time of 2 h. The acid value was reduced to 94% of the raw oil (24.76 mg KOH/g), which confirmed the conversion. Consequently, this pretreatment reduces the overall complexity of the process and a conversion efficiency of 95% is achieved when pretreated oil reacts with methanol in the presence of KOH.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of biodiesel from Neem oil using sulfated zirconia via tranesterification

Muthu¹,

Sathyaselvabala²,

Varathachary³

et al. 2010

Braz. J. Chem. Eng.

114

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“…The catalytic activity of the heterogeneous base catalyst, in the transesterification of soybean oil, shows a striking correlation with basic strength [5,[8][9][10]. Thus, most heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production contain alkali or alkali earth cations [4,5,8,9,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. However, most of the catalysts experienced deactivation, by leaching of the alkali species from the heterogeneous catalysts to reaction medium [1,20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of sodium on the catalytic activity of ZnO–Al2O3/ZSM-5 and SnO–Al2O3/ZSM-5 for the transesterification of vegetable oil with methanol

Kim

Yan

Salley

et al. 2009

Catalysis Communications

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In order to elucidate the effect of sodium on the activity of ZSM-5 supported metal oxides catalysts (ZnO-Al2O3/ZSM-5 and SnO-Al2O3/ZSM-5) for the transesterification of soybean oil with methanol, ZSM-5 supported metal oxides were prepared with and without sodium hydroxide by impregnation. The metal compositions of the ZSM-5 supported metal oxide catalysts and the metal concentrations dissolved from the catalysts to the methylester phase were measured by SEM-EDS and inductive coupled plasma spectroscopy, respectively. The catalytic activity of ZnO-Al2O3/ZSM-5 and SnO-Al2O3/ZSM-5 containing sodium did not originate from surface metal oxides sites, but from surface sodium sites or dissolved sodium leached from the catalyst surface.

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“…On the other hand, Kim et al developed a Na/NaOH/Al 2 O 3 basic catalyst for the transesterification of soybean oil, which demonstrated a similar activity to that of a conventional homogeneous catalyst, NaOH 4 . Furthermore, Salinas et al studied a potassium catalyst supported on titania for biodiesel production from canola oil 5,6 , founding a very active K-based catalyst supported on a hydrothermally treated TiO 2 (20%K/TiHT), which was able to achieve full conversion in two hours of reaction 6 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ZrO2-SUPPORTED ALKALI METAL (Li, Na, K) CATALYSTS FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION

Águila

Salinas²,

Jiménez³

et al. 2016

J. Chil. Chem. Soc.

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We studied the effect of the alkali metal type (Li, Na, and K) and the calcination temperature (500, 600 and 700 °C) in the activity for biodiesel production of catalysts prepared by impregnation method, with constant metal content of 10%w/w using ZrO 2 as support. The results of the catalytic activity allowed to find an activity sequence regarding the alkali tested metals: Na > Li > K, with this sequence remaining constant independent of the calcination temperature. The high activity of the Na/ZrO 2 system, and slightly lower activity of Li/ZrO 2 , can be explained by the fact that higher calcination temperatures promote the formation of alkali-based zirconate species, M 2 ZrO 3 (M = Na or Li). The presence of these species is correlated with the higher activity of these catalysts, specifically with the Na and Li-based catalyst calcined at high temperatures (600-700 °C). These M 2 ZrO 3 species show higher basicity respect to other alkali metal oxide species, as was demonstrated with CO 2 -TPD results. The higher activity corresponded to 10% Na supported on ZrO 2 and calcined at 700 °C, which reached full conversion within just 30 minutes of reaction, which makes this system a promising heterogeneous replacement for the regular homogeneous systems.

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Transesterification of vegetable oil to biodiesel using heterogeneous base catalyst

Cited by 614 publications

References 11 publications

Synthesis of biodiesel from Neem oil using sulfated zirconia via tranesterification

Synthesis of biodiesel from Neem oil using sulfated zirconia via tranesterification

The effect of sodium on the catalytic activity of ZnO–Al2O3/ZSM-5 and SnO–Al2O3/ZSM-5 for the transesterification of vegetable oil with methanol

ZrO2-SUPPORTED ALKALI METAL (Li, Na, K) CATALYSTS FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION

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