Transesterification of waste cooking palm oil and palm oil to fatty acid methyl ester using cesium-modified silica catalyst

Deoxygenation of Palmitic Acid to Produce Diesel-like Hydrocarbons over Nickel Incorporated Cellular Foam Catalyst: A Kinetic Study

“…Attempt to measure the particle sizes was not done bearing in mind that the catalyst particles were visibly reduced to even smaller sizes during the reaction under continuous mixing for up to 6 h. The stirring speed was set at about 250 rpm. Under such conditions, no significant external mass transfer effect was expected as generally reported in literatures [10][11][12][13].…”

“…They were carried out either in the presence of solvent or solventless condition using various catalysts such as Pd supported on mesoporous carbon [5][6][7][8][9][10][11] or on mesoporous silica [12][13][14]. Although the catalyst derived from Pd exhibited significant activity in the deoxygenation reactions, they are usually expensive.…”

Biodiesel production from rapeseed oil and low free fatty acid waste cooking oil using a cesium modified natural phosphate catalyst

“…8 During the last few decades, a variety of catalysts such as alkaline-earth metal oxides (CaO, SrO, MgO), alkali-doped metal oxides like Li, K and Na doped CaO and MgO, 9,10 as well as hydrotalcites have been synthesized and their catalytic activity was investigated in biodiesel production from edible or non-edible oil. In addition to these catalytic systems, cesium doped CaO such as CsF/CaO, 16 cesium modied silica catalyst, 17 CsF/Al 2 O 3 (ref. 18) were also reported to promote efficiently the transesterication reaction to produce biodiesel.…”

Synthesis of mesoporous calcium titanate catalyst for transesterification of used cooking oil: A review of the synthesized potential

“…This makes the separation process difficult. Additionally, Amani et al (2016) stated that water contains in the feedstock for transesterification reaction affects the yield as it reduces the catalytic activity.…”