Transesterification Reaction from Rice Bran Oil to Biodiesel over Heterogeneous Base Calcium Oxide Nanoparticles Catalyst

Abstract

This research focused on the use of heterogeneous base catalyst, calcium oxide (CaO), an alkaline earth metal oxide to produce biodiesel. The aim of this research is to investigate the potential of commercial calcium carbonate, CM-CaCO3 to be transformed to nanostructured CaO and further used as a heterogeneous base catalyst for single step transesterification of rice bran oil to biodiesel. The CaO samples were calcined at temperatures of 100°C to 700°C under vacuum at 10-3 mbar. TGA-DTA result displayed that the calcination temperature for CM-CaCO3 to form CaO must be higher than 600°C. This was supported by FTIR results which indicated the complete formation of CaO at 700°C. XRD showed the rhombohedral CaCO3 and hexagonal Ca(OH)2 were totally disappeared, leaving only crystalline cubic CaO at 700oC. Interestingly, CaO obtained at 700°C (CaO-700) showed the larger BET surface area and highest basicity with 11.5 m2g-1 and 1.959 mmol/g, respectively. The prepared nanostructured CaO-700 was selected and applied for single step transesterification reaction of rice bran oil to produce biodiesel. NMR and GC-FID results further confirmed that biodiesel was successfully formed using CaO-700 as catalyst.

Transition metal oxide (NiO, CuO, ZnO)-doped calcium oxide catalysts derived from eggshells for the transesterification of refined waste cooking oil

“…The decrease in the surface area and pore volume at higher calcination temperature was possibly due to the structural modification of the catalyst, whereby the catalyst particles began to agglomerate. 22 In contrast, the pore diameter of the catalyst increased from 14.26 to 17.68 nm by increasing the calcination temperature from 700 to 800 °C.…”

“…The decrease in the surface area and pore volume at higher calcination temperature was possibly due to the structural modication of the catalyst, whereby the catalyst particles began to agglomerate. 22 In contrast, the pore diameter of the catalyst increased from 14.26 to 17.68 nm by increasing the calcination temperature from 700 to 800 C. On the other hand, the BET surface area, average pore diameter and pore volume recorded by the CuO/ CaO(10 : 90)(ES) catalyst calcined at 700 C were 7.0 m 2 g À1 , 14.27 nm and 0.0130 cm 3 g À1 , respectively. Meanwhile, for the ZnO/CaO(10 : 90)(ES) catalyst, the surface area, average pore diameter and pore volume were 5.6 m 2 g À1 , 17.86 nm and 0.0101 cm 3 g À1 , respectively.…”

Preparation of KI/KIO3/Methoxide Kaolin Catalyst and Performance Test of Catalysis in Biodiesel Production

“…The most beneficial thing about biodiesel production is that it can reduce dependence on fossil energy, reduce air pollution and be able to generate environmentally friendly green energy, and of course this energy is available in nature and can be renewed (Khan et al, 2021) . Apart from that, biodiesel has advantages over fossil fuels, including that it can be used directly in diesel engines without requiring modification (Sulaiman et al, 2020) , low dissolved oxygen content, environmentally friendly, and does not produce CO, sulfur, and NO emissions (Buchori et al, 2016;Singh et al, 2020).…”

Study on the Reaction Parameters on Transesterification of Rubber Seed Oil Using MgO/zeolite-A Catalyst

“…At present, the most widely explored type of heterogeneous catalyst is a composite catalyst, which consists of metal oxides supported on porous solids. Of particular interest is the use of zeolite as solid support for different metal oxides, one of them is MgO [15,16].…”