Transesterification: Salol synthesis over solid acids

Shamshuddin, S. Z. Mohamed; Nagaraju, N.

doi:10.1016/j.catcom.2006.01.019

Cited by 18 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Some solid oxides such as Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , ZrO 2 and their sulfated forms, mixed oxides ZrO 2 -Al 2 O 3 , ZrO 2 -SiO 2 , Mo/ZrO 2 showed some certain activity. [6] Rothenbergs group has screened and evaluated various solid acids such as zeolites, ion-exchange resins, and mixed metal oxides as catalysts in the esterification of dodecanoic acid with 2-ethylhexanol, 1-propanol, and methanol at 130-180 8C, finding that sulfated zirconia is a promising candidate. [15] Recently, Haras group reported a recyclable solid acid catalyst generated from sugar.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another route to produce fatty esters is catalyzed by homogeneous acids, such as H 2 SO 4 , H 3 PO 4 , HCl, ptoluenesulfuric acid, BuSn(OH) 3 , Al(OR) 3 etc., however they are toxic, corrosive, and produce many byproducts which are difficult to separate from the reaction medium. [6] For example, in the case of sulfuric acid, [7] it slowly catalyzes the transesterification of triglycerides and requires temperatures typically above 100 8C and a higher alcohol to oil ratio. And this is followed by a distillation process for water removal, recycling of excess alcohol and ester purification.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transesterification of Vegetable Oil to Biodiesel using a Heteropolyacid Solid Catalyst

et al. 2007

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A clean, facile, and ecologically friendly method for the production of biodiesel has been developed. A solid acid, namely the heteropolyacid (HPA) Cs 2.5 H 0.5 PW 12 O 40 , has been used as a heterogeneous catalyst for the production of biodiesel from Eruca sativa Gars. oils (ESG oil) with methanol at a certain temperature. A study for optimizing the reaction conditions such as the reaction time, temperature, the oil to methanol ratio, the amount of catalyst, and the usage times of the catalyst, has been performed. The Cs 2.5 H 0.5 PW 12 O 40 heterogeneous acid catalyst shows almost the same activity under the optimized reaction conditions as compared to a conventional homogeneous catalyst such as sodium hydroxide or sulfuric acid, and can easily be separated from the products and can be used for several more runs. The most important features of this catalyst are that the catalytic activity is not effected by the content of free fatty acids and content of water in the vegetable oil and that the esterification can occur at a lower temperature (room temperature) and be finished within a shorter time. The results illustrate that the Cs 2.5 H 0.5 PW 12 O 40 is an excellent, water-tolerant and environmentally benign solid acid catalyst for the production of biodiesel. The fuel properties of ESG biodiesel were found to be in agreement with the ASTM standard.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transesterification of Vegetable Oil to Biodiesel using a Heteropolyacid Solid Catalyst

et al. 2007

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“…However, these homogeneous catalysts usually have the disadvantages in separation and environmental pollution. Therefore, there is a great interest on developing catalytically active solids in transesterification [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. Among them, basic solid catalysts exhibit excellent catalytic activities [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14], but the interaction between CO 2 in air with these basic solid catalysts normally results in deactivation of these catalysts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Synthesis of Sulfated Silica-Doped Tin Oxides and Their High Activities in Transesterification

Liu

et al. 2008

Catal Lett

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A series of sulfated silica-doped tin oxides with large surface areas (113-188 m 2 /g) have been successfully prepared from hydrothermal synthesis, followed by sulfation and calcination. These samples are characterized by XRD, FT-IR, TEM, nitrogen isotherms, and TG techniques, and obtained results indicate that the samples are composed of tetragonal nanocrystalline tin oxides and amorphous silica. Very interestingly, catalytic tests show that these sulfated silica-doped tin oxides are much more active than conventional sulfated tin oxides for transesterification of triacetin with methanol.

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“…These solid acids can replace liquid acid catalysts like H 2 SO 4 , HCl, AlCl 3 , BF 3 , H 3 PO 4 , SnCl 4 , ZnCl 2 , etc., [5][6] . The main advantages of solid acid catalysts are that they are eco-friendly and green because, solid acids are non-toxic, non corrosive, easy to recover and reusable for several times and also reduce or even eliminate the production of hazardous materials [7][8] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such as, transesterification, esterification, alkylation, acetylation, hydrocarbon isomerization, synthesis of heterocyclic compounds, etc., [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] . It has been reported that Mo(VI) and SO 4 2-ions impregnated on ZrO 2 can increase the number of catalytically active sites of zirconia and also increases the more active tetragonal phase of zirconia which is even catalytically active at higher temperatures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient microwave synthesis of novel aromatic esters catalyzed by zirconia and its modified forms: a kinetic study

et al. 2015

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A series of solid acids such as ZrO 2 , 5% Mo(VI)/ZrO 2 , 10% Mo(VI)/ZrO 2 , 20% Mo(VI)/ZrO 2 and SO 4 2-/ZrO 2 were prepared. These solid acids were characterized by BET, NH 3 -TPD / nbutylamine back titration, powder-XRD, FT-IR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and ICP-OES techniques. The catalytic performance of these solid acids was evaluated in the synthesis of novel aromatic esters by the assistance of microwave irradiation and the catalytic activity of these solid acids was compared with pTsOH. The results clearly indicated that the zirconia based solid acids are efficient green catalysts for esterification reactions, which gave maximum yield of ester in shorter reaction time and comparable to the catalytic activity of pTsOH Brönsted acid. Kinetic studies were carried out to calculate the temperature coefficients (1.66 and 1.56) and energy of activation (66.

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Transesterification: Salol synthesis over solid acids

Cited by 18 publications

References 22 publications

Transesterification of Vegetable Oil to Biodiesel using a Heteropolyacid Solid Catalyst

Transesterification of Vegetable Oil to Biodiesel using a Heteropolyacid Solid Catalyst

Synthesis of Sulfated Silica-Doped Tin Oxides and Their High Activities in Transesterification

Efficient microwave synthesis of novel aromatic esters catalyzed by zirconia and its modified forms: a kinetic study

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