Transfer Across the Air-Sea Interface

Garbe, Christoph S.; Rutgersson, Anna; Boutin, Jacqueline; Leeuw, G. de; Delille, Bruno; Fairall, C. W.; Gruber, Nicolas; Hare, J. E.; Ho, David T.; Johnson, Martin; Nightingale, Philip D.; Pettersson, Heidi; Piskozub, Jacek; Sahlée, Erik; Tsai, Wu‐ting; Ward, Brian; Woolf, David; Zappa, Christopher J.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-25643-1_2

Cited by 92 publications

(104 citation statements)

References 350 publications

(505 reference statements)

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“…For instance, Weiss et al (2007), Prytherch et al (2010) and Edson et al (2011) used the eddy covariance method while Ho et al (2011) used the tracer method to determine k empirically. These two methods have their relative advantages (see e.g., Garbe et al, 2014, for a review) but it has been shown that k measured by the eddy covariance method leads to higher values than other methods (e.g., Jacobs et al, 2002). The only empirical formulation of k that could eventually be applied globally is that of Ho et al (2011) due to the variety of data used for calibration.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uncertainty in the global oceanic CO<sub>2</sub> uptake induced by wind forcing: quantification and spatial analysis

et al. 2018

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Abstract. The calculation of the air-water CO 2 exchange (F CO 2 ) in the ocean not only depends on the gradient in CO 2 partial pressure at the air-water interface but also on the parameterization of the gas exchange transfer velocity (k) and the choice of wind product. Here, we present regional and global-scale quantifications of the uncertainty in F CO 2 induced by several widely used k formulations and four wind speed data products (CCMP, ERA, NCEP1 and NCEP2). The analysis is performed at a 1 • × 1 • resolution using the sea surface pCO 2 climatology generated by Landschützer et al. (2015a) for the 1991-2011 period, while the regional assessment relies on the segmentation proposed by the Regional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes (REC-CAP) project. First, we use k formulations derived from the global 14 C inventory relying on a quadratic relationship between k and wind speed (k = c · U 10 2 ; Sweeney et al., 2007;Takahashi et al., 2009;Wanninkhof, 2014), where c is a calibration coefficient and U 10 is the wind speed measured 10 m above the surface. Our results show that the range of global F CO 2 , calculated with these k relationships, diverge by 12 % when using CCMP, ERA or NCEP1. Due to differences in the regional wind patterns, regional discrepancies in F CO 2 are more pronounced than global. These global and regional differences significantly increase when using NCEP2 or other k formulations which include earlier relationships (i.e., Wanninkhof, 1992;Wanninkhof et al., 2009) as well as numerous local and regional parameterizations derived experimentally. To minimize uncertainties associated with the choice of wind product, it is possible to recalculate the coefficient c globally (hereafter called c * ) for a given wind product and its spatiotemporal resolution, in order to match the last evaluation of the global k value. We thus performed these recalculations for each wind product at the resolution and time period of our study but the resulting global F CO 2 estimates still diverge by 10 %. These results also reveal that the Equatorial Pacific, the North Atlantic and the Southern Ocean are the regions in which the choice of wind product will most strongly affect the estimation of the F CO 2 , even when using c * .

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uncertainty in the global oceanic CO<sub>2</sub> uptake induced by wind forcing: quantification and spatial analysis

et al. 2018

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“…Though some major biogeochemical principles are known, detailed dynamical formulations of processes are scarce and in their infancy. There is a considerable uncertainty about the gas transfer velocity of CO 2 and other gases across the air-water interface (Carpenter et al, 2012;Garbe et al, 2014). While the global ocean carbon sink estimates may not too strongly depend on this choice (otherwise projections with simple two box models for the global ocean would not have worked at all; Oeschger et al, 1975), the projected local CO 2 concentration in ocean surface waters is highly influenced by the chosen gas transfer velocity values, also for appropriate regional validation of ocean models.…”

Section: Process and Impact Knowledgementioning

confidence: 99%

The ocean carbon sink – impacts, vulnerabilities and challenges

et al. 2015

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Abstract. Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is, next to water vapour, considered to be the most important natural greenhouse gas on Earth. Rapidly rising atmospheric CO 2 concentrations caused by human actions such as fossil fuel burning, land-use change or cement production over the past 250 years have given cause for concern that changes in Earth's climate system may progress at a much faster pace and larger extent than during the past 20 000 years. Investigating global carbon cycle pathways and finding suitable adaptation and mitigation strategies has, therefore, become of major concern in many research fields. The oceans have a key role in regulating atmospheric CO 2 concentrations and currently take up about 25 % of annual anthropogenic carbon emissions to the atmosphere. Questions that yet need to be answered are what the carbon uptake kinetics of the oceans will be in the future and how the increase in oceanic carbon inventory will affect its ecosystems and their services. This requires comprehensive investigations, including high-quality ocean carbon measurements on different spatial and temporal scales, the management of data in sophisticated databases, the application of Earth system models to provide future projections for given emission scenarios as well as a global synthesis and outreach to policy makers. In this paper, the current understanding of the ocean as an important carbon sink is reviewed with respect to these topics. Emphasis is placed on the complex interplay of different physical, chemical and biological processes that yield both positive and negative air-sea flux values for natural and anthropogenic CO 2 as well as on increased CO 2 (uptake) as the regulating force of the radiative warming of the atmosphere and the gradual acidification of the oceans. Major future ocean carbon challenges in the fields of ocean observations, modelling and process research as well as the relevance of other biogeochemical cycles and greenhouse gases are discussed.Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union.

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“…A detailed overview of all of these processes and their interactions is given by Wanninkhof et al (2009) and Garbe et al (2014). Many of the processes shown in figure 5 can either be directly monitored from satellite remote-sensing (e.g.…”

Section: Atmosphere-ocean Gas Fluxesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress in satellite remote sensing for studying physical processes at the ocean surface and its borders with the atmosphere and sea ice

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et al. 2016

Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment

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Physical oceanography is the study of physical conditions, processes and variables within the ocean, including temperature–salinity distributions, mixing of the water column, waves, tides, currents and air–sea interaction processes. Here we provide a critical review of how satellite sensors are being used to study physical oceanography processes at the ocean surface and its borders with the atmosphere and sea ice. The paper begins by describing the main sensor types that are used to observe the oceans (visible, thermal infrared and microwave) and the specific observations that each of these sensor types can provide. We then present a critical review of how these sensors and observations are being used to study: (i) ocean surface currents, (ii) storm surges, (iii) sea ice, (iv) atmosphere–ocean gas exchange and (v) surface heat fluxes via phytoplankton. Exciting advances include the use of multiple sensors in synergy to observe temporally varying Arctic sea ice volume, atmosphere–ocean gas fluxes, and the potential for four-dimensional water circulation observations. For each of these applications we explain their relevance to society, review recent advances and capability, and provide a forward look at future prospects and opportunities. We then more generally discuss future opportunities for oceanography-focused remote sensing, which includes the unique European Union Copernicus programme, the potential of the International Space Station and commercial miniature satellites. The increasing availability of global satellite remote-sensing observations means that we are now entering an exciting period for oceanography. The easy access to these high quality data and the continued development of novel platforms is likely to drive further advances in remote sensing of the ocean and atmospheric systems.

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Transfer Across the Air-Sea Interface

Cited by 92 publications

References 350 publications

Uncertainty in the global oceanic CO<sub>2</sub> uptake induced by wind forcing: quantification and spatial analysis

Uncertainty in the global oceanic CO<sub>2</sub> uptake induced by wind forcing: quantification and spatial analysis

The ocean carbon sink – impacts, vulnerabilities and challenges

Progress in satellite remote sensing for studying physical processes at the ocean surface and its borders with the atmosphere and sea ice

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Transfer Across the Air-Sea Interface

Cited by 92 publications

References 350 publications

Uncertainty in the global oceanic CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; uptake induced by wind forcing: quantification and spatial analysis

Uncertainty in the global oceanic CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; uptake induced by wind forcing: quantification and spatial analysis

The ocean carbon sink – impacts, vulnerabilities and challenges

Progress in satellite remote sensing for studying physical processes at the ocean surface and its borders with the atmosphere and sea ice

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Product

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Uncertainty in the global oceanic CO<sub>2</sub> uptake induced by wind forcing: quantification and spatial analysis

Uncertainty in the global oceanic CO<sub>2</sub> uptake induced by wind forcing: quantification and spatial analysis