Transfer and Metabolism of the Xenoestrogen Zearalenone in Human Perfused Placenta

Warth, Benedikt; Preindl, Karin; Manser, Pius; Wick, Peter; Marko, Doris; Buerki-Thurnherr, Tina

doi:10.1289/ehp4860

Cited by 58 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 85 publications

(110 reference statements)

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“…Glucuronic acid conjugates of ZEN, ZAN, α-/β-ZAN, and α-/β-ZAN are known but only ZEN-14-O-β-glucuronide (ZEN-14-GlcA) is detected in human urine [122,129,180]. Analysis of ZEN and its metabolites in blood and urine samples using the HPLC-MS technique is currently the most used method and many scholars are working on improvements [122,[181][182][183].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotoxins—Biomonitoring and Human Exposure

Habschied

Šarić

Krstanović

2021

Toxins

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Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungal species that commonly have a toxic effect on human and animal health. Different foodstuff can be contaminated and are considered the major source of human exposure to mycotoxins, but occupational and environmental exposure can also significantly contribute to this problem. This review aims to provide a short overview of the occurrence of toxigenic fungi and regulated mycotoxins in foods and workplaces, following the current literature and data presented in scientific papers. Biomonitoring of mycotoxins in plasma, serum, urine, and blood samples has become a common method for determining the exposure to different mycotoxins. Novel techniques are more and more precise and accurate and are aiming toward the simultaneous determination of multiple mycotoxins in one analysis. Application of liquid chromatography (LC) methodologies, coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) or high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) has become a common and most reliable method for determining the exposure to mycotoxins. Numerous references confirm the importance of mycotoxin biomonitoring to assess the exposure for humans and animals. The objectives of this paper were to review the general approaches to biomonitoring of different mycotoxins and the occurrence of toxigenic fungi and their mycotoxins, using recent literature sources.

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confidence: 99%

Mycotoxins—Biomonitoring and Human Exposure

Habschied

Šarić

Krstanović

2021

Toxins

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“…However, the extremely high detection rate of 82% for total ZEN is somehow worrisome given the high xenoestrogenic potential of ZEN and its phase I biotransformation products [43]. Recent studies further highlighted that ZEN is prone to synergistic mixture effects [44,45] and able to pass the placental barrier and thus exposure of mothers is likely to result in in utero exposure of the unborn child [46]. The impact of this chronic low-dose exposures on the endocrine system and related disease should be investigated in future studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of urinary biomarkers of mycotoxin exposure in adults from Cameroon

Abia

Tchana

Djonabaye

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background In Cameroon dietary staples are contaminated with diverse toxic fungal metabolites, known as mycotoxins. Aflatoxins and fumonisins are of particular public health concern, particularly in relation to cancer and/or early life stunting. Mixtures of these toxins are predicted from food measures, and in this work, the levels and frequencies of urinary mycotoxin biomarkers are reported in Cameroonian adults. Methods A single first void urine sample was collected from 89 adults (aged range: 28–85, male 39, female 50) from the city of Yaoundé, Centre Region, Cameroon. Urines were tested for eight distinct mycotoxins using measures of both parent compounds and/or their metabolites by Liquid Chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Results Altogether seven distinct mycotoxins, aflatoxin, fumonisin, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, nivalenol, ochratoxin A and citrinin, (or their metabolites) were observed in urine samples. At least one mycotoxin was detected in all of the urine samples, 87 (97.8%) of which were above the method’s quantification limit. Aflatoxin M1 was detected in 42% (n.d. − 0.21 µg L− 1) of samples of which about a quarter additionally contained fumonisin B1. Of the remaining toxins deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, ochratoxin A, nivalenol and citrinin were present in 78%, 99% 95%, 53%, and 87% of the samples respectively. Alternariol was not detected in any sample. Mixtures of mycotoxins in the samples were frequently observed with 64 samples (72%) containing more than five mycotoxins. Estimates of intake exceeded the TDIs for fumonisin (n = 4), deoxynivalenol (n = 1) and zearalenone (n = 2), no TDI is set for aflatoxin. Conclusions This study reveals frequent co-exposure of Cameroonian individuals to a complex mixture of toxic and carcinogenic mycotoxins, with mixtures of aflatoxin and fumonisin a particular priority from a public health standpoint.

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“…Table S3). ZEN was recently shown to cross the placental barrier and exhibit synergistic toxic effects with other xenoestrogens (Vejdovszky et al, 2017a,b;Preindl et al, 2019;Warth et al, 2019). Hence, this finding needs to be confirmed in further surveys.…”

Section: Proof-of-principle Application Of the Integrated Quechers-spmentioning

confidence: 91%

Exposure to Mycotoxin-Mixtures via Breast Milk: An Ultra-Sensitive LC-MS/MS Biomonitoring Approach

et al. 2020

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Exposure to natural food contaminants during infancy may influence health consequences later in life. Hence, breast milk may serve as a vehicle to transport these contaminants, including mycotoxins, from mothers to their infants. Analytical methods mostly focused on single exposures in the past, thus neglecting co-occurrences and mixture effects. Here, we present a highly sensitive multi-biomarker approach by a sophisticated combination of steps during sample preparation including a Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) extraction followed by a solid phase extraction (SPE) cleanup and utilizing stable isotopes for compensating challenging matrix effects. The assay was validated in-house, reaching limits of detection (LOD) for all 34 analytes in the range of 0.1 to 300 ng/L with satisfying extraction efficiencies (75-109%) and stable intermediate precisions (1-18%) for most analytes. Compared to a similar multi-mycotoxin assay for breast milk, LOD values were decreased by a factor of 2-60x enabling the assessment of chronic low-dose exposures. The new method was applied to a small set of Nigerian breast milk samples (n = 3) to compare results with already published data. Concentration levels of samples that were found to be contaminated before could be confirmed. In addition, other mycotoxins were determined in all three samples, for example the newly investigated alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) was found for the first time in this biological fluid at concentrations up to 25 ng/L. Moreover, in a pooled Austrian sample obtained from a milk bank, trace amounts of multiple mycotoxins including AME (1.9 ng/L), beauvericin (5.4 ng/L), enniatin B (4.7 ng/L), enniatin B 1 (

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Transfer and Metabolism of the Xenoestrogen Zearalenone in Human Perfused Placenta

Cited by 58 publications

References 85 publications

Mycotoxins—Biomonitoring and Human Exposure

Mycotoxins—Biomonitoring and Human Exposure

Assessment of urinary biomarkers of mycotoxin exposure in adults from Cameroon

Exposure to Mycotoxin-Mixtures via Breast Milk: An Ultra-Sensitive LC-MS/MS Biomonitoring Approach

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