“…Membrane materials are widely used in applications such as water purification, 7 petrochemical refining, 8 pharmaceutical manufacturing, 9 mining, 10 construction, 11,12 warfare, 13 apparel, 14 electronics, 15 forensics, 16,17 medical applications, 18 and space exploration. 19 They are at the core of filtration and separation processes and impact various industries.…”