Transfer of Motor Learning Is More Pronounced in Proximal Compared to Distal Effectors in Upper Extremities

Aune, Tore; Aune, Morten Andreas; Ingvaldsen, R. P.; Vereijken, Beatrix

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01530

Cited by 20 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…The role of acute exercise in promoting motor transfer has, by the authors' knowledge, rarely been examined in previous studies. Improved exercise-induced transfer, referring to the influence of previous practice on performing a skill in a new context [65], might occur through similar neuroendocrinological mechanisms as proposed for motor retention. In the current study, however, no such improved transfer was observed (see right-hand side, Figure 2).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Effect of a Single Bout of Acute Aerobic Exercise at Moderate-to-Vigorous Intensities on Motor Learning, Retention and Transfer

Lorås

Haga

Sigmundsson

2020

Sports

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Acute exercise influences human cognition, and evidence suggests that learning can be improved. According to the cognitive–energetic approach towards exercise cognition, exercise represents a stressor that elevates physiological arousal, which, in turn, increases the availability of mental resources. However, the degree of arousal is hypothesized to have optimal and suboptimal states, and moderate intensity exercise is thus considered to be favorable compared to low intensity and vigorous exercise. The current evidence for such a moderating effect of exercise intensity on motor learning, however, appears somewhat mixed. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the effect of aerobic exercise conducted with different exercise intensities on immediate practice, transfer, and 24-h retention of a motor skill. To this end, young adults (n = 40, mean (SD) age: 23.80 (1.98) years) were randomized to exercise at either 50% or 75% of age-predicted maximal heart rate according to the Karvonen formulae. Immediately after exercising, participants practiced a high-precision golf putting task in a blocked design. Retention and transfer of skill were assessed after 24 h. Results indicated that both groups demonstrated motor learning, retention, and transfer at a similar level. Further works are thus needed to establish the specific relationship between exercise and learning and establish the factors that have an influence.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Effect of a Single Bout of Acute Aerobic Exercise at Moderate-to-Vigorous Intensities on Motor Learning, Retention and Transfer

Lorås

Haga

Sigmundsson

2020

Sports

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“…The analysis of the primary task used in the present study is the same analysis as we used in an earlier published study of learning transfer using proximal and distal joysticks (Aune et al, 2017). The dependent variable was measured as the average ASE in positioning of the crosshair relative to the target.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The sample comprised 14 university students with no known neuromuscular disorders or functional limitations (including normal and corrected vision) were recruited, seven women (mean age 23.9, SD = 7.5 years) and seven men (mean age 25.1, SD = 1.6 years). Based upon baseline (pre-test) proximaldistal differences in absolute spatial error (ASE) in a similar experimental task from a previous study (Aune et al, 2017), it was estimated that this sample size was sufficient to achieve a power of 80%, a level of significance of 5% (two sided) and effect size (Cohen's d) at 0.9, for detecting a mean proximaldistal differences in ASE that are significant different from zero (G * Power: Faul et al, 2007). All participants were right-handed as indicated by the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (Oldfield, 1971) with a mean laterality index score of 0.94 (SD = 0.06).…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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More Pronounced Bimanual Interference in Proximal Compared to Distal Effectors of the Upper Extremities

et al. 2020

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Bimanual performance depends on effective and modular bilateral communication between the two bodysides. Bilateral neural interactions between the bodysides could cause bimanual interference, and the neuromuscular system for proximal and distal muscles is differently organized, where proximal muscles have more bilateral interneurons at both cortical and spinal level compared to distal muscles. These differences might increase the potential for bimanual interference between proximal arm muscles, because of greater proportions of bilateral interneurons to proximal muscles. The purpose of the present experiment was to evaluate potential differences in bimanual interference between proximal versus distal effectors in the upper extremities. 14 participants first performed a unilateral primary motor task with dominant arm with (1) a proximal and (2) distal controlled joysticks (condition A). Performance in condition A, was compared with the same effector's performance when a bimanual interference task was performed simultaneously with the non-dominant arm (condition B). The results showed a significant bimanual interference for both the proximal and distal controlled joysticks. Most interestingly, the bimanual interference was larger for the proximal joystick compared to the distal controlled joystick. The increase in spatial accuracy error was higher for the proximal controlled joystick, compared with the distal controlled joystick. These results indicate that the proximal-distal distinction is an important organismic constraint on motor control, and especially for bilateral communication. There seem to be an undesired bilateral interference for both proximal and distal muscles. The interference is higher in the case of proximal effectors compared distal effectors, and the results seem to map the neuroanatomical and neurophysiological differences for these effectors.

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“…But with the engagement of additional DOFs-from the elbow and wrist-the control of fine motor skills becomes dominant in only one side (Newell & van Emmerik, 1989). This suggests that both the left and right-side shoulders are able to control one degree of freedom when the hand is in the maximum reachable amplitude, and thus facilitates learning transfer and generalisability (Aune et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Learning Process Which Improves Symmetry in the Dynamics of Thoracic Rotation: A New Hope for the Amelioration of Motor Disabilities

Diederichs¹

2019

APE

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Intersegmental joint dynamics permit generalisability: that is, a combination of joints to achieve maximum attainable amplitude of one degree of freedom. Generalisability contains the information to configure all lesser amplitudes using many degrees. This paper describes a treatment to reduce asymmetry in thoracic rotation, which appears to cause motor disabilities and pain. It proposes a learning process to recalibrate the neuromuscular system. The treatment is based on classical conditioning in which actors receive instructions to control a specific coordinate of the dominant hand-the conditioned stimulus (CS)-to be paired with a tensile force-the unconditioned stimulus (US). This pairing of CS with US generates a sequence of events, the conditioned response (CR). To facilitate control, the hand first reaches the target position constraining the overall degrees of freedom to just one. This reduces the burden on the CNS to deal with the indeterminacy of limb lengths, the regulation of joint rotation and the combination of multiple joints for performing the motor task. The dynamics of this CR generates coupling, comparable to the dynamics described in coupling of posture and gait. To verify the theory: in Experiment 1, thirteen participants with acute motor impairment received three treatments; in Experiment 2, twenty-six healthy participants were randomly assigned into two groups to perform the experimental treatment with the dominant or the non-dominant hand, respectively, for comparison. Seven variables were measured: four ranges of motion, two perceived efforts, and one pain. In Groups 2 and 3, the improvement in thoracic symmetry was significant. The treatment is able to trigger a mechanism that detects a critical value and initiates a transition from the dynamics of the action system and task constraints to a default value. Additionally, the treatment is highlighted as a neuromodulation impacting muscle tone with long-lasting amelioration of motor disabilities and pain.

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Transfer of Motor Learning Is More Pronounced in Proximal Compared to Distal Effectors in Upper Extremities

Cited by 20 publications

References 75 publications

Effect of a Single Bout of Acute Aerobic Exercise at Moderate-to-Vigorous Intensities on Motor Learning, Retention and Transfer

Effect of a Single Bout of Acute Aerobic Exercise at Moderate-to-Vigorous Intensities on Motor Learning, Retention and Transfer

More Pronounced Bimanual Interference in Proximal Compared to Distal Effectors of the Upper Extremities

A Learning Process Which Improves Symmetry in the Dynamics of Thoracic Rotation: A New Hope for the Amelioration of Motor Disabilities

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