Transfer of Pesticide Residues from Grapes (Vitis vinifera) into Wine—Correlation with Selected Physicochemical Properties of the Active Substances

Abstract

The concentration of pesticide residues in agricultural products at harvest can change during subsequent processing steps. This change, commonly expressed as Processing Factor (PF), is influenced by the raw agricultural commodity, and the processing conditions, as well as the properties of the substances. As it is not possible to conduct processing studies for all possible combinations of pesticide × process × product, new approaches for determining processing factors are needed. Wine was chosen as the object of the present study because it is a widely consumed product. Furthermore, it is already known that the concentration of pesticide residues can change considerably during the processing of grapes into wine, substantiating the need for PFs for a large number of pesticides. The aim of the present study was to investigate the correlation between selected physicochemical properties and PFs. In addition, the influence of different winemaking processes was explored. For this purpose, 70 processing studies conducted by pesticide manufacturers in the framework of regulatory procedures were evaluated in detail and PFs were derived for 20 pesticides. For wine, a good correlation between the PF and the octanol-water partition coefficient of the substances was found, depending on the specific production methods used. Exemplarily, the coefficient of determination for white wine was 0.85, and 0.81 for red wine, when thermovinification was applied. These results can serve as the basis for a predictive model to be validated further with future winemaking studies for pesticides.

Neurotoxicity Assessment of Four Different Pesticides Using In Vitro Enzymatic Inhibition Assays

“…IMD intoxication causes a response similar to nicotine, as neonicotinoids are agonists of the nicotinic ACh receptors (presumably with high selectivity against insect receptors) with toxicity cases presenting vomits, hypertension and tachycardia, evolving cardiac arrest, respiratory failure and death [66]. IMD has been reported to be found in human fluid samples such as blood [67] or urine [68], but also in food products such as cocoa [69] or wine [70]. In the latter, IMD was observed to resist the vinification process, being present in the final product.…”

Clinical Assessment of Acute Organophosphorus Pesticide Poisoning in Pediatric Patients Admitted to the Toxicology Emergency Department

“…However, there is a lack of data regarding the exposure of the general human population to these products [ 17 , 18 ]. In addition, pesticides in tap water, food, honey, and natural products used as medicines, represent a growing concern for producers and consumers [ 19 , 20 , 21 ].…”