Transfer of plant protection products from raspberry crops of Laszka and Seedling varieties to beehives

Abstract

Field studies were conducted to evaluate the transfer of active ingredients (AIs) of plant protection products (PPPs) to beehives. They were applied in two commodity red raspberry plantations of two varieties: Laszka (experiment 1) and Seedling (experiment 2). Samples of flowers, leaves, bees, brood, and honey were examined for the presence of chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, difenoconazole, cyprodinil, and trifloxystrobin (experiment 1) and chlorpyrifos, boscalid, pyraclostrobin, cypermethrin, difenoconazole, and azoxystrobin (experiment 2). In experiment 1, the highest levels of trifloxystrobin were observed on the surface of flowers, (0.04 μg/flower) and for difenoconazole on the inside (0.023 μg/flower). Leaves contained only trace residues of cypermethrin and cyprodinil (0.001 μg/cm2 of leaves each) and trifloxystrobin (0.01 μg/cm2 of leaves) on the surface; inside the leaves, the highest levels of trifloxystrobin were observed (0.042 μg/cm2 of leaves). In experiment 2, boscalid was found on the surface and inside the flowers and leaves (0.063 and 0.018 μg/flower and 0.057 and 0.033 μg/cm2 of leaves, respectively). In bees, brood, and honey (experiment 1), chlorpyrifos was present in the highest quantity (7.3, 1.6, and 4.7 μg/kg, respectively). Additionally, cypermethrin and trifloxystrobin were found in bees, and trifloxystrobin was present in honey. Bees, brood, and honey from plantation 2 contained all studied AIs, with the highest levels of boscalid (28.6 μg/kg of bees, 37.0 μg/kg of brood, and 33.9 μg/kg of honey, respectively). In no case did the PPP residues in honey exceed acceptable maximum residue levels (MRLs)—from a formal and legal point of view, in terms of the used plant protection products, the analysed honey was fit for human consumption.

Influence of anthropogenic factors on the fauna of diplopods in the steppe zone of Ukraine

“…Після оброблення малини сорту Лашка ципродинілом його сліди знайдено в листі (0,001 мкг/см 2 листя) та квітках (0,022 мкг/квітку). У зразках бджіл, розплоді та меді знайдено залишки цієї речовини, що в жодному з досліджень не перевищує ГДК (Piechowicz et al, 2018). Kozak et al (2020) (Khan, Brooks & Hirschmann, 1976) (Rhabditoidea, Heterorhabditidae).…”

A field realistic model to assess the effects of pesticides residues and adulterants on honey bee gene expression

“…Honey bees may carry pesticide residues back to the hive, particularly from plant protection products, as they bring pollen, nectar, water, honeydew, or propolis collected from their environment (e.g. [2][3][4][5][6][7][8]). For many years, the use of pesticides was considered the main pest management strategy.…”