Transfer Reliability and Congestion Control Strategies in Opportunistic Networks: A Survey

Abstract

Abstract-Opportunistic networks are a class of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) where contacts between mobile nodes occur unpredictably and where a complete end-to-end path between source and destination rarely exists at one time. Two important functions, traditionally provided by the transport layer, are ensuring the reliability of data transmission between source and destination, and ensuring that the network does not become congested with traffic. However, modified versions of TCP that have been proposed to support these functions in MANETs are ineffective in opportunistic networks. In addition, opportunistic networks require different approaches to those adopted in the more common intermittently connected networks, e.g. deep space networks. In this article we capture the state of the art of proposals for transfer reliability and storage congestion control strategies in opportunistic networks. We discuss potential mechanisms for transfer reliability service, i.e. hop-by-hop custody transfer and end-to-end return receipt. We also identify the requirements for storage congestion control and categorise these issues based on the number of message copies distributed in the networks. For single-copy forwarding, storage congestion management and congestion avoidance mechanism are discussed. For multiple-copy forwarding, the principal storage congestion control mechanisms are replication management and drop policy. Finally, we identify open research issues in the field where future research could usefully be focused.

The Impact of Message Replication on the Performance of Opportunistic Networks for Sensed Data Collection

“…Information 2017, 8,143 11 of 41 notify nodes about the delivery status of messages they carry (which are usually unsuitable in OppNets due to increased resource consumption [67] and delays [68]), the resulting amount of message copies mostly depends on the forwarding utility of the source node and the total node population. The number of more suitable relay nodes is increased when messages are generated by nodes with relatively low forwarding utilities or when there is a large number of nodes in the network.…”

LMP Congestion Management Using Enhanced STF-LODF in Deregulated Power System

“…The mobile network will be in contacts between nodes and ensure the reliability of transmitting data between the source and destination. However, the opportunistic networks ineffectiveness is based on the modified versions of TCP [3]. To generate global solution the integer linear program (ILP) is used in the static and dynamic method to make decision based on throughput instantaneous.…”

Routing based Congestion Control Metric: RFR

“…Al [16], clearly defines the transfer reliability and congestion control in opportunistic networks, which are a class of mobile adhoc networks. Open research issues have been identified.…”