Transfer von festen, flüssigen und gasförmigen Stoffen aus Vulkanen in die Atmosphäre

Schmincke, Hans‐Ulrich

doi:10.1007/bf02945888

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…The greatest known eruption of a single volcano, the Tamborra in 1815, excavated 140 Gt magma (equivalent to 50 km 3 solid rock); 71,000 people were killed and the summer in South-East Asia failed due to the lasting dust in the atmosphere [64]. The global average of magma production through volcanism in terrestrial systems is 27-31 Gt/a [65][66][67]. It would not seem plausible to add up magma production and erosion, as the former represents an input to formation and uprise of the continents, whereas the latter represents rather their decline and output to the oceans.…”

Section: Aspects Of a Safe-operating-space Of Minerals Usementioning

confidence: 99%

Possible Target Corridor for Sustainable Use of Global Material Resources

Bringezu

2015

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130

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Many countries have started to develop policy programs for the sustainable use of natural resources. Indicators and targets can cover both a territorial and a life-cycle-wide global perspective. This article focuses on how a safe operating space for global material resource use can be outlined based on existing economy-wide material flow indicators. It reflects on issues such as scale and systems perspective, as the choice of indicators determines the target "valves" of the socio-industrial metabolism. It considers environmental pressures and social aspects of safe and fair resource use. Existing proposals for resource consumption targets are reviewed, partially revisited, and taken as a basis to outline potential target values for a safe operating space for the extraction and use of minerals and biomass by final consumption. A potential sustainability corridor is derived with the Total Material Consumption of abiotic resources ranging from 6 to 12 t/person, the Total Material Consumption of biotic resources not exceeding 2 t/person, and the Raw Material Consumption of used biotic and abiotic materials ranging from 3 to 6 t/person until 2050. For policy, a "10-2-5 target triplet" can provide orientation, when the three indicators are assigned values of 10, 2, and 5 t/person, respectively.

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Section: Aspects Of a Safe-operating-space Of Minerals Usementioning

confidence: 99%

Possible Target Corridor for Sustainable Use of Global Material Resources

Bringezu

2015

Resources

130

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“…Volcanic emissions contribute less than 1 % to the total global CO2 emission (Cadle, 1980;Gerlach, 1991). Anthropogenic annual CO2 emissions are by a factor of 100 higher than total natural degassing of the Earth (Schmincke, 1993).…”

Section: Chemical Species Emitted By Volcanoesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emissions from volcanoes

Textor¹,

Graf²,

Timmreck³

et al. 2004

Advances in Global Change Research

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“…CO 2, although the most abundant volcanic gas, is not important for atmosphere chemistry in the timescales considered here. The total lithospheric contribution to atmospheric CO 2 is by a factor of 100 smaller than anthropogenic sources[Schmincke, 1993].…”

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confidence: 99%

Effect of environmental conditions on volcanic plume rise

et al. 1999

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Abstract, Sensitivity studies were performed with a complex nonhydrostatic volcano plume model that explicitly treats turbulence and microphysics. The impact of environmental conditions such as wind, temperature and humidity profiles was studied for standard observational data, To investigate the Wind effects, a two-dimensional Cartesian formulation of the model was used, while for the temperature and humidity effects a cylindrical coordinate system had to be applied, since this treats the entrainment process more realistically. It was found that horizontal wind generally reduces the height of the ash plume. The gaseous part of the plume sometimes may rise higher than without wind owing to the more effective separation between gas and solid material. Besides reduced static stability, the absolute temperature and humidity also increase the plume height. All environmental impacts strongly depend on the strength of entrainment and thus on the quality of the prognostic turbulence.

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Transfer von festen, flüssigen und gasförmigen Stoffen aus Vulkanen in die Atmosphäre

Cited by 7 publications

References 63 publications

Possible Target Corridor for Sustainable Use of Global Material Resources

Possible Target Corridor for Sustainable Use of Global Material Resources

Emissions from volcanoes

Effect of environmental conditions on volcanic plume rise

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