The development of
safe and potent insecticides remains an integral
part of a multifaceted strategy to effectively control human-disease-transmitting
insect vectors. Incorporating fluorine can dramatically alter the
physiochemical properties and bioavailability of insecticides. For
example, 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-fluorophenyl)ethane (DFDT)a
difluoro congener of trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT)was
demonstrated previously to be 10-fold less toxic to mosquitoes than
DDT in terms of LD50 values, but it exhibited a 4-fold
faster knockdown. Described herein is the discovery of fluorine-containing
1-aryl-2,2,2-trichloro-ethan-1-ols (FTEs, for fluorophenyl-trichloromethyl-ethanols). FTEs, particularly per-fluorophenyl-trichloromethyl-ethanol
(PFTE), exhibited rapid knockdown not only against Drosophila
melanogaster but also against susceptible and resistant Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, major vectors of Dengue, Zika,
yellow fever, and Chikungunya viruses. The R enantiomer
of any chiral FTE, synthesized enantioselectively, exhibited faster
knockdown than its corresponding S enantiomer. PFTE
does not prolong the opening of mosquito sodium channels that are
characteristic of the action of DDT and pyrethroid insecticides. In
addition, pyrethroid/DDT-resistant Ae. aegypti strains
having enhanced P450-mediated detoxification and/or carrying sodium
channel mutations that confer knockdown resistance were not cross-resistant
to PFTE. These results indicate a mechanism of PFTE insecticidal action
distinct from that of pyrethroids or DDT. Furthermore, PFTE elicited
spatial repellency at concentrations as low as 10 ppm in a hand-in-cage
assay. PFTE and MFTE were found to possess low mammalian toxicity.
These results suggest the substantial potential of FTEs as a new class
of compounds for controlling insect vectors, including pyrethroid/DDT-resistant
mosquitoes. Further investigations of FTE insecticidal and repellency
mechanisms could provide important insights into how incorporation
of fluorine influences the rapid lethality and mosquito sensing.