Transformation Cycle of Magnetosomes in Human Stem Cells: From Degradation to Biosynthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles Anew

Abstract

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Whither Magnetic Hyperthermia? A Tentative Roadmap

“…One of them is to shield the magnetic core with an inert gold shell [112,113], and another one is to protect the core with a polymer coating [114]. Alternatively, another strategy could be to seize the capacity that some human cells must biosynthesize magnetic nanoparticles anew from the iron delivered by the degradation of synthetic nanoparticles, thus providing the cells with biogenic non-degradable nanoparticles and long term magnetism [115,116].…”

“…the core with a polymer coating [114]. Alternatively, another strategy could be to seize the capacity that some human cells must biosynthesize magnetic nanoparticles anew from the iron delivered by the degradation of synthetic nanoparticles, thus providing the cells with biogenic non-degradable nanoparticles and long term magnetism [115,116]. The spheroids are formed from 200,000 stem cells, which spontaneously regroup into a cohesive spherical aggregate that can be kept in culture over a month without experiencing any cell mortality or tissue necrosis.…”

Splenic Capture and In Vivo Intracellular Biodegradation of Biological-Grade Graphene Oxide Sheets

“… 100 This highlights the benefit of the latter as a more predictive and representative biological model, particularly when quantitatively determining critical doses of administered materials, and the dynamics of material degradation in cells, as recently reported for biosynthesized magnetic iron nanoparticles. 102 …”

The Intrinsic Biological Identities of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Coatings: Unexplored Territory for Combinatorial Therapies

“…Using a similar system, Curcio et al studied the intracellular biodegradation of magnetosomes, a magnetite-based particle biosynthesized by Magnetospirillum magneticum . The authors found that by measuring cellular sample magnetization, human stem cells gradually degraded the magnetosome material into ferrihydrite within their lysosomal/endosomal compartment over 21 days [ 137 ]. As a consequence, photothermal conversion of stem-cell spheroids was lowered over time.…”

“…As a consequence, photothermal conversion of stem-cell spheroids was lowered over time. Curiously, Curcio et al also found that when magnetosome-loaded stem cells are cultured in 2-D, magnetization decreased by the third day of culture but recovered after 21 days, suggesting a de novo biosynthesis of intracellular magnetic nanoparticles, most likely out of the magnetosome degradation-derived iron pool [ 137 ]. Electron-microscopic evidence of IONP presence in cellular degradative compartments after internalization and changes in magnetization have thus established that IONPs are likely degraded intracellularly in lysosomal/acidic compartments and that this results in a loss of physical properties in the nanomaterial over time.…”