“…This material has great potential due to its low toxicity, high water absorption, good mechanical properties (elastic modulus and mechanical strength), biocompatibility, and good physicochemical properties [ 4 , 5 ]. For instance, PVA hydrogel was potentially useful in cartilage tissue substitutes [ 6 ], heart valves [ 7 ], arterial phantoms [ 8 ], corneal implants [ 9 ], electroskins, actuators, supercapacitors, and fuel cells [ 10 , 11 ]. Due to the flexible crosslinking ability, PVA hydrogel was fabricated with different biomolecules and polymers, such as carboxyl methyl cellulose [ 12 ], gelatin, chitosan [ 13 ], graphene oxide [ 14 ], MXene [ 11 ], lignin-silver hybrid nanoparticles [ 15 ], agar [ 16 ], and laponite [ 17 ].…”