Transformation of forest policy regimes in Finland since the 19th century

Kotilainen, Juha; Rytteri, Teijo

doi:10.1016/j.jhg.2011.04.003

Cited by 68 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…It was partly a result of a series of colonization phases from 1918 to the early 1960s, together with agricultural and industrial policies aiming to increase farming and forest work (Kupiainen, 1995;Rannikko, 2014, pp. 198-201;Saarelainen, 1995) and utilise forest resources by establishing saw mills and groundwood pulp and cardboard production (Kotilainen and Rytteri, 2011;Sippola, 2010). Employment in this second cycle surged at first as a result of the colonization laws in the 1920s aimed at social resettlement after the civil war, peaked in 1940, and then was maintained because of the post-WWII colonization policy until the 1960s (Fig.…”

Section: Resource Cycles and Industry Life Cycles In Lieksamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first rise of forest mills (in the third cycle) since the 1920s was a result of nation-scale industrialization policies concerning the forestry sector as an important basis for the national economy (Kotilainen and Rytteri, 2011). Already after political separation from Russia and its consumer markets through independence in 1917, exports from Finland had oriented to western markets and became even more raw materials intensive (Hjerppe, 1989).…”

Section: Resource Cycles and Industry Life Cycles In Lieksamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Industry life cycles of a resource town in Finland – the case of Lieksa

Halonen

Kotilainen

Tykkyläinen

et al. 2015

European Countryside

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Abstract:The article aims to show how local industry life cycles impact the development of Finnish resource-based rural towns. This study reveals five long-term and overlapping industry cycles which were based on natural resources, assembly industries and service production. In general, the cycles have shortened over time.Transitions from cycle to cycle were enabled by the phases of resilience, which were highly dependent on political and economic processes at different scales. However, the political interventions of the last decades were unable to compensate for the disadvantages in competitiveness of this remote area and lay sustainable foundations for new industries. In the long run, the only exception has been the forest-related processing industry which has a capacity to renew its own operations and adapt to changing market situations. The results demonstrate the high significance of absolute advantage in rural development.Keywords: industry life cycles; resource dependence; local resilience; employment; regional policy; forested areas; Finland Abstrakti: Suomalaisten resurssiperustaisten maaseutukuntien kehitykseen ovat vaikuttaneet keskeisesti paikallisten toimialojen elinkaaret. Tutkimuskohteessa havaitut viisi toisiinsa limittyvää sykliä ovat perustuneet paikallisiin luonnonvaroihin, tuotuja raakaaineita ja puolivalmisteita käyttävään teollisuuteen ja palvelujen tuotantoon. Teollisella kaudella yksittäisen elinkaaren pituus on lyhentynyt. Syklistä toiseen siirtymiseen ovat vaikuttaneet eritasoiset poliittiset ja taloudelliset uusiutumisvaiheet. Viime vuosikymmenten poliittiset interventiot eivät ole kyenneet kompensoimaan tutkitun resurssiperiferian heikkoa kilpailukykyä ja luomaan kestävää perustaa uusille aloille. Parhaiten muuttuviin markkinatilanteisiin on sopeutunut paikallisia luonnonvaroja jalostava metsäteollisuus.

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Section: Resource Cycles and Industry Life Cycles In Lieksamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resource Cycles and Industry Life Cycles In Lieksamentioning

confidence: 99%

Industry life cycles of a resource town in Finland – the case of Lieksa

Halonen

Kotilainen

Tykkyläinen

et al. 2015

European Countryside

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“…In other places however, these benefits could have been ignored or not adequately recognized because of the different morphological conditions. This may be the case of Finland where the protective function, as other non-productive functions, was not considered by the local legislation until the last decades of the 20 th century, when the multi-functionality of forest resources was explicitly recognized (Kotilainen & Rytteri 2011).…”

Section: Iforest -Biogeosciences and Forestrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Forest functions and space: a geohistorical perspective of European forests

Pilli¹,

Pase²

2018

iForest

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The history of man has been linked to the history of wood since prehistoric times and because the forest is the main place where this resource is available, forest spaces are also directly linked to the evolution of human society. The objective of this paper is to analyze the historical evolution of the functions assigned by humans to forests, highlighting how they affect the production of space from a diachronic perspective. Focusing our attention on some European countries, we highlight that although historically, wood production was the most important function provided by wooded lands, other functions were also attributed to forests. The awareness of these functions emerged when an overexploitation of forest resources produced a lack of a specific service. When these services corresponded to a societal demand, they produced welfare benefits for the society, which were recognized as forest functions. Thus even the functions evolved in time according to the evolution of societal needs. Evaluating when and how each societal demand emerged, and consequently the moment each function was recognized, is an essential prerequisite even for a more accurate interpretation of current forest management practices. Not only is the temporal dimension of forest functions relevant, so is the spatial scale, which may differ considerably between them, ranging from the specific forest area and its owner for the productive function; to the catchment area and its inhabitants for the protective function; to a potentially larger area for the cultural and biodiversity function; and to the entire globe for the carbon-retention function. The strict, and sometimes competing, interactions between these functions may also be recognized in the production of space, which evolved in time according to the evolution of the corresponding societal needs. A forest parcel assigned to a productive function is a material space, marked in the field by colored signs, but it may also be virtually represented by a forest model or be part of some protected area. But this picture would change if, instead of looking at the present, we consider the past and the different sensations and representations concerned with forests. These complex interactions, between different functions and spatial dimensions, justify the need to balance a segregative management system with a wider, multifunctional integrated approach. What has emerged from our study is that to reach this difficult equilibrium, it is useful to consider the production processes of these forest spaces. Through this analytical approach, we can understand the interactions occurring over time between the evolution of the demands expressed by society and the main changes occurred on the forest landscape.

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“…30 H. Langenberg and J.P. Smits, 'Invoer van grondstoffen uit LDCs: geworteld in koloniale tijden? ', Internationaliseringsmonitor 2015 (4), [43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57]. See: https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/publicatie /2015/44/internationaliseringsmonitor-2015-vierde-kwartaal Table 2.4 shows how big the increase in raw materials was between 1850 and 2010.…”

Section: Natural Capital: 1850 Versus 2010unclassified

“…The cutting of heather sods for the production of compost and manure exposed the bare sandy subsoil. 50 Where things got out of control and the sand got the upper hand, sandstorms threatened fields and villages and sand deserts like those on the Veluwe and in Noord Brabant (the Loon and the Drunen Dunes). 51 The question is to what extent the farming community lost its grip on the process.…”

Section: The Sand Groundsmentioning

confidence: 99%