Transformation of silver nanoparticles released from skin cream and mouth spray in artificial sweat and saliva solutions: particle size, dissolution, and surface area
Abstract:The use of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) in consumer products can result in diffuse environmental dispersion of both NPs and ionic silver. This study investigated the transformation of Ag NPs present in two consumer products (skin cream, mouth spray) in terms of release of Ag NPs and ionic silver and changes in particle size in artificial sweat and saliva solutions. Large differences in silver release were observed with the smaller sized Ag NPs in mouth spray releasing more silver compared with the Ag NPs of t… Show more
“…The characteristic D and G bands for Ag NPs and Ag–ZnO (10% w/w) and Ag–ZnO (5% w/w) nanocomposites were observed at 1366, 1386, and 1373 cm −1 for D bands and 1586, 1588, and 1586 cm −1 for G bands, respectively. However, the I D / I G ratios of Ag NPs and Ag–ZnO (10% w/w) and Ag–ZnO (5% w/w) nanocomposites were 0.83, 0.86, and 0.93, respectively(Sang et al 2017 ; Hedberg et al 2021 ). Fig.…”
In this study, we are reporting biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles and hydrothermal synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles. Using convenient mechanical milling methods, nanocomposites with superior photocatalytic and catalytic properties are synthesized. Herein, we have adopted a green, eco-friendly, and economical route for the synthesis of Ag nanoparticles using Zingiber officinalae rhizome extract in an aqueous solution. The synthesized materials were characterized using UV–Vis spectroscopy, XRD, SEM & FE-SEM, FT-IR, Raman, and a particle size analyzer with zeta potential analysis. The photocatalytic activities of Ag, ZnO and their composites were studied by observing the degradation of methylene blue and crystal violet dyes under natural sunlight. Then the catalytic efficacies of synthesized nanoparticles for various organic transformation reactions were studied. Ag–ZnO nanocomposites were predicted to have improved photocatalytic activity and organic transformation reactions, allowing them to be used in environmental remediation applications.
“…The characteristic D and G bands for Ag NPs and Ag–ZnO (10% w/w) and Ag–ZnO (5% w/w) nanocomposites were observed at 1366, 1386, and 1373 cm −1 for D bands and 1586, 1588, and 1586 cm −1 for G bands, respectively. However, the I D / I G ratios of Ag NPs and Ag–ZnO (10% w/w) and Ag–ZnO (5% w/w) nanocomposites were 0.83, 0.86, and 0.93, respectively(Sang et al 2017 ; Hedberg et al 2021 ). Fig.…”
In this study, we are reporting biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles and hydrothermal synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles. Using convenient mechanical milling methods, nanocomposites with superior photocatalytic and catalytic properties are synthesized. Herein, we have adopted a green, eco-friendly, and economical route for the synthesis of Ag nanoparticles using Zingiber officinalae rhizome extract in an aqueous solution. The synthesized materials were characterized using UV–Vis spectroscopy, XRD, SEM & FE-SEM, FT-IR, Raman, and a particle size analyzer with zeta potential analysis. The photocatalytic activities of Ag, ZnO and their composites were studied by observing the degradation of methylene blue and crystal violet dyes under natural sunlight. Then the catalytic efficacies of synthesized nanoparticles for various organic transformation reactions were studied. Ag–ZnO nanocomposites were predicted to have improved photocatalytic activity and organic transformation reactions, allowing them to be used in environmental remediation applications.
“…Furthermore, it was shown that in the absence of environmental factors such as ultraviolet radiation and environmental ligands, a simple dilution of concentrated nAg suspensions and colloidal Ag-based products such as SAN1 can cause particle destabilisation leading to the formation of agglomerates and the reduction in particle size [67,68]. The change in the particle size of nAg incorporated into body cream and mouth spray in artificial sweat and saliva was previously reported [69]; product-released ENMs experienced significant growth in size from 5 to 25 nm to 10 to 800 nm. Environmental exposure to product-released ENMs in aquatic environments has been reported mainly from commercial clothing [70,71], personal care products (toothbrushes, toothpaste, face masks, shampoo, and detergents) [46,47], and paints [72].…”
The use of nano-enabled products (NEPs) can release engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) into water resources, and the increasing commercialisation of NEPs raises the environmental exposure potential. The current study investigated the release of ENMs and their characteristics from six commercial products (sunscreens, body creams, sanitiser, and socks) containing nTiO2, nAg, and nZnO. ENMs were released in aqueous media from all investigated NEPs and were associated with ions (Ag+ and Zn2+) and coating agents (Si and Al). NEPs generally released elongated (7–9 × 66–70 nm) and angular (21–80 × 25–79 nm) nTiO2, near-spherical (12–49 nm) and angular nAg (21–76 × 29–77 nm), and angular nZnO (32–36 × 32–40 nm). NEPs released varying ENMs’ total concentrations (ca 0.4–95%) of total Ti, Ag, Ag+, Zn, and Zn2+ relative to the initial amount of ENMs added in NEPs, influenced by the nature of the product and recipient water quality. The findings confirmed the use of the examined NEPs as sources of nanopollution in water resources, and the physicochemical properties of the nanopollutants were determined. Exposure assessment data from real-life sources are highly valuable for enriching the robust environmental risk assessment of nanotechnology.
“…The solubility of AgNPs is tightly correlated to their physicochemical characteristics including shape, size, and surface coating . Generally, when the size of AgNPs decreases, the particles become more soluble in aqueous media. ,− The dissolution rate of AgNPs in the GIT is also influenced by factors like oxygen and chloride. , For instance, the absorption of organic components on the surface of AgNPs, together with the neutral pH, was found to cause a very low dissolution rate in saliva. , The stomach is suggested to serve as the primary site where AgNPs dissolve in the GIT . Yet, AgNPs seem to be unlikely to entirely dissolve in the stomach because of the high concentration of chlorine in gastric juice.…”
Section: Transformation Of Agnps Following Oral Exposurementioning
confidence: 99%
“…41,42 For instance, the absorption of organic components on the surface of AgNPs, together with the neutral pH, was found to cause a very low dissolution rate in saliva. 34,43 The stomach is suggested to serve as the primary site where AgNPs dissolve in the GIT. 14 Yet, AgNPs seem to be unlikely to entirely dissolve in the stomach because of the high concentration of chlorine in gastric juice.…”
Section: Transformation Of Agnps Following Oral Exposurementioning
Oral exposure is known as the primary way for silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), which are commonly used as food additives or antibacterial agents in commercial products, to enter the human body. Although the health risk of AgNPs has been a concern and extensively researched over the past few decades, there are still numerous knowledge gaps that need to be filled to disclose what AgNPs experience in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and how they cause oral toxicity. In order to gain more insight into the fate of AgNPs in the GIT, the main gastrointestinal transformation of AgNPs, including aggregation/disaggregation, oxidative dissolution, chlorination, sulfuration, and corona formation, is first described. Second, the intestinal absorption of AgNPs is presented to show how AgNPs interact with epithelial cells and cross the intestinal barrier. Then, more importantly, we make an overview of the mechanisms underlying the oral toxicity of AgNPs in light of recent advances as well as the factors affecting the nano−bio interactions in the GIT, which have rarely been thoroughly elaborated in published literature. At last, we emphatically discuss the issues that need to be addressed in the future to answer the question "How does oral exposure to AgNPs cause detrimental effects on the human body?".
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