Transformation Products of Artificial Sweeteners

Scheurer, Marco; Brauch, Heinz‐Jürgen; Lange, Frank Thomas

doi:10.1002/9781118339558.ch17

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…As inside the human body aspartame metabolises in the gastrointestinal tract into naturally occurring amino acids that are subsequently almost completely absorbed (Scheurer et al, 2014). Little of the parent compound derived from food would normally be anticipated to reach the environment but that which does would be expected to be largely emitted to the aquatic environment via waste water treatment plants.…”

Section: Environmental Fatementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Saccharin passes through the human body intact, providing no food energy; thus, its caloric content is zero. According to Scheurer et al (2014) there is common consensus that saccharin does not metabolise in mammals. Most of the saccharin that a person ingests is absorbed from the digestive tract and excreted in the urine and so will make its way to a waste water treatment plant Okoduwa et al, 2013;.…”

Section: Environmental Fatementioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, in a relatively small proportion (<10%) of the population cyclamate is metabolised by microflora present in the large intestine to form the cyclohexlamine metabolite . According to and Scheurer et al (2014) there are large variations between individuals in terms of the rate of cyclamate conversion to cyclohexylamine. Some peoples are recognized as non-converters and some as high converters.…”

Section: Environmental Fatementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ivanov et al (2018) attribute the low removal rates to the presence of chlorinated organic compounds and demonstrate that higher removal rates, up to 70%, can be achieved using a combined 14-day chemical and biological treatment of wastewater in a bioreactors with hematite iron. As a consequence of the persistence of sucralose and its inefficient removal by waste water treatment plants, like acesulfame-K, sucralose has been used extensively as a chemical marker for domestic wastewater pollution monitoring in natural waters (Blackstock, 2018;Oppenheimer et al, 2011;Van Stempvoort et al, 2011a&b;Scheurer et al, 2014).…”

Section: Environmental Fatementioning

confidence: 99%

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Review and synthesis of data on the potential environmental impact of artificial sweeteners

Lewis

Tzilivakis

2021

EFSA Supporting Publications

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EFSA is implementing evidence-based risk assessments for the re-evaluation of certain sweeteners. The aim of this work was to ensure that, as part of the preparatory work done by EFSA to support its Panel on Food Additives and Flavourings (FAF) in reaching conclusions on the safety of permitted food additives, relevant information on the environmental risks associated with the use of the artificial sweeteners are identified. In the context of this re-evaluation process the following substances used as sweeteners were considered: acesulfame-K (E 950), salt of aspartame-acesulfame (E 962), sucralose (E 955), saccharins (E 954), thaumatin (E 957), neohesperidine DC (E 959), neotame (E 961), cyclamates (E 952) and the polyol sweeteners (sorbitols (E 420); mannitol (E 421); isomalt (E 953); maltitols (E 965); lactitol (E 966); xylitol (E 967) and erythritol (E 968)). Data was collated using a systematic review approach. Generally, the data identified was extremely limited particularly with respect to neohesperidine DC, neotame, thaumatin and the polyol sweeteners. However, there was also limited evidence to suggest their widespread occurrence in the environment. With respect to acesulfame-K, sucralose, cyclamates and saccharin multiple studies were identified that demonstrate the widespread distribution of these sweeteners in surface waters, groundwaters, coastal and marine waters. There are also studies showing their presence in drinking (tap) water supplies, rainwater and in atmospheric samples. However, these sweeteners do not appear to be highly toxic to aquatic species, at least not at environmental concentrations currently seen. The salt of aspartame-acesulfame easily dissociates into its two component sweeteners in the human body and the environment and so the review process also considered aspartame despite it not being a specific focus of the regulatory review process. Whilst there is some evidence to suggest aspartame is toxic to aquatic species it is not detected at levels of concern in the environment.

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Section: Environmental Fatementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Environmental Fatementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Environmental Fatementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Environmental Fatementioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Review and synthesis of data on the potential environmental impact of artificial sweeteners

Lewis

Tzilivakis

2021

EFSA Supporting Publications

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“…Their environmental concentrations vary widely among regions, depending on local consumption, regional geography and seasonal changes (Sang et al, 2014;Karstadt, 2006). In rivers and lakes, concentrations of these ASs are in the range of nano-to micrograms per litre (Lange et al, 2012), with often higher levels of acesulfame than sucralose (Scheurer et al, 2009;Scheurer et al, 2014). In untreated and treated wastewater, acesulfame and sucralose generally have the highest concentrations, up to mg L -1 (Arbeláez et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiotoxic and neurobehavioral effects of sucralose and acesulfame in Daphnia magna: toward understanding ecological impacts of artificial sweeteners

Wiklund

Guo

Gorokhova

2023

Preprint

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Artificial sweeteners are broadly used as safe food additives and in pharmaceutical formulations. As these compounds are relatively stable and poorly removed by water treatment facilities, their environmental concentrations increase. Therefore, concerns about their potential risks to non-targeted aquatic biota have been raised. Although no lethal effects are usually observed in standard toxicity testing, recent effect studies suggest a possible neurotoxic mode of action.We tested the effects of commonly used sugar substitutes (sucralose and acesulfame, up to 1 mg/L) in a nontarget species Daphnia magna, by assessing biochemical (acetylcholinesterase activity, AChE), physiological (heart rate, HR) and behavioural (time spent on swimming and feeding) endpoints. We found a dose-dependent increase in AChE activity and inhibitory effects on HR and behavioural endpoints, with lower EC 50 values observed for acesulfame than sucralose, although all these values were within the reported AS levels in the wastewater. Moreover, a biphasic response was observed for acesulfame-exposed daphnids, with AChE inhibition at the lower concentrations (< 1 μg/L ) and stimulatory effects at the higher concentrations. Thus, the response propagated across the biological organization levels, with swimming inhibition associated with AChE stimulation. Whereas HR and swimming were positively related across the ASs and all concentrations tested, the relationship between AChE and HR was substance-specific, suggesting possible differences in the mode of action. The observed LOEC values for acesulfame were as low as 0.1 μg/L , these results suggest that artificial sweeteners may exert adverse effects on nontarget biota at environmentally relevant concentrations, which calls for a critical evaluation of current thresholds used in their risk assessment.

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