Transformative Urban Changes of Beijing in the Decade of the 2000s

Sorichetta, Alessandro; Nghiem, S. V.; Masetti, Marco; Linard, Catherine; Richter, Andreas

doi:10.3390/rs12040652

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…To supplement climate data, we included four habitat variables derived from orbiting satellites over the years 2001–2005 as potential measures of vegetation required for foraging, nesting, and roosting of parrots: (1) the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), which describes vegetation greenness; (2) NDVI annual standard deviation (NDVI_std), which describes greenness seasonality; (3) percentage tree cover (tree) from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS); (4) and a variable collected by the Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT), a low Earth‐orbiting satellite designed to measure sea winds from microwave backscatter. Terrestrial QuikSCAT data can relate to tree canopy structure and moisture content (Frolking et al., 2006), but in the context of this study QuikSCAT most likely relates to urbanization, with larger values (more backscatter) in urban areas compared to natural areas (Nghiem et al., 2009; Sorichetta et al., 2020).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Many organisms are limited by temperature extremes, especially outside the tropics (Khaliq et al, 2017), and prior field studies have suggested an important role for seasonality of rainfall to the ecology of these species (Renton & Salinas-Melgoza, 2004) 4) and a variable collected by the Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT), a low Earthorbiting satellite designed to measure sea winds from microwave backscatter. Terrestrial QuikSCAT data can relate to tree canopy structure and moisture content (Frolking et al, 2006), but in the context of this study QuikSCAT most likely relates to urbanization, with larger values (more backscatter) in urban areas compared to natural areas (Nghiem et al, 2009;Sorichetta et al, 2020).…”

Section: Geospatial Environmental Datamentioning

confidence: 85%

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Convergent niche shifts of endangered parrots (genus Amazona) during successful establishment in urban southern California

Ramirez,

Freeland,

Muhlheim

et al. 2024

Diversity and Distributions

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AimIntroduced species offer insight on whether and how organisms can shift their ecological niches during translocation. The genus Amazona offers a clear test case, where sister species Red‐crowned (A. viridigenalis) and Lilac‐crowned Parrots (A. finschi) have established breeding populations in southern California following introduction via the pet trade from Mexico where they do not coexist. After establishment in the 1980s, introduced population sizes have increased, with mixed species flocks found throughout urban Los Angeles. Here, we investigate the differences between the environmental conditions of the native and introduced ranges of these now co‐occurring species.LocationSouthern California and Mexico.MethodsUsing environmental data on climate and habitat from their native and introduced ranges, we tested whether Red‐crowned and Lilac‐crowned Parrots have divergent realized niches between their native ranges, and whether each species has significantly shifted its realized niche to inhabit urban southern California. We also analysed data from Texas and Florida introductions of Red‐crowned Parrots for comparative analysis.ResultsThere are significant differences in the native‐range niches of both parrot species, but a convergence into a novel, shared environmental niche into urban southern California, characterized by colder temperatures, less tree cover and lower rainfall. Texas and Florida Red‐crowned Parrots also show evidence for niche shifts with varying levels of niche conservatism through the establishment of somewhat different realized niches.Main ConclusionsDespite significant niche shifts, introduced parrots are thriving, suggesting a broad fundamental niche and an ability to exploit urban resources. Unique niche shifts in different U.S. introductions indicate that Amazona parrots can adapt to diverse environmental conditions, with cities offering a resource niche and the timing of introduction playing a crucial role. Cities can potentially serve as refugia for threatened parrot species, but the risk of hybridization between species emphasizes the need for ongoing monitoring and genetic investigations.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Geospatial Environmental Datamentioning

confidence: 85%

Convergent niche shifts of endangered parrots (genus Amazona) during successful establishment in urban southern California

Ramirez,

Freeland,

Muhlheim

et al. 2024

Diversity and Distributions

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…These included: 19 temperature and precipitation variables collected and extrapolated from weather stations (http://www.worldclim.org) plus 4 habitat variables derived from orbiting satellites: (1) normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), which describes vegetation greenness; (2) NDVI annual standard deviation (NDVI_std), which describes greenness seasonality; (3) percentage tree cover (tree) from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS); (4) and a variable collected by the Quick Scatterometer (QuickSCAT), a low Earth-orbiting satellite designed to measure sea winds from microwave backscatter. Terrestrial QuickSCAT data can relate to tree canopy structure and moisture content (Frolking et al, 2006), but in the context of this study QuickSCAT most likely relates to urbanization, with larger values (more backscatter) in urban areas compared to natural areas (Nghiem et al, 2009; Sorichetta et al, 2020).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Niche shifts lead to hybridization between twoAmazonaparrot sister-species introduced to Southern California

Maley

Freeland

DeRaad

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Hybridization involving introduced species is becoming more common as humans modify landscapes and ecosystems. When two closely related species are introduced to the same area, their niche dynamics will dictate the level of sympatry and potential for hybridization. Amazona parrots offer a rare case where multiple closely related species have established as breeders in Southern California. Red-crowned Parrots (A. viridigenalis) and Lilac-crowned Parrots (A. finschi) are particularly interesting because they are sister species (Russello and Amato, 2004) with allopatric native ranges in Mexico. In Southern California, where they established in the 1980s and have since grown in numbers, they appear to occupy the same urban habitat. We sought to test whether introduced Red-crowned and Lilac-crowned parrots have shifted their niches compared to their native ranges, and if so, whether sympatry has led to hybridization. Using broad-scale environmental data collected from weather stations and orbiting satellites, we found that Red-crowned and Lilac-crowned parrots have partially divergent environmental niches in their native ranges, but now occupy the same environmental niche in their introduced range in Southern California. This new niche is largely different from what they experience in their respective home ranges, supporting a niche-shift model of species introduction. Due to this niche shift, the two species now come into contact across Southern California, leading to hybridization. Genomic markers support the existence of some recent hybrids as well as advanced backcrosses resulting from older hybridization events closer to the time of first introduction. Photographs from community scientists included as part of the Free-flying Los Angeles Parrot Project (FLAPP) also document hybrids, but underestimate their frequency compared to genetic data. Despite evidence for ongoing hybridization, the bimodal distribution of ancestry among the introduced population points to the existence of reproductive isolating mechanisms keeping the two species distinct. Further study is needed to understand if reproductive isolating mechanisms result from behavioral factors, such as conspecific flocking preferences, suggested by the community science data, or from genomic incompatibilities built up from a long history of isolation in Mexico. The integrity of these genetic lineages in Southern California carries important conservation implications, as both species are listed as endangered in their native ranges due to trapping for the pet trade and habitat loss.

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“…Currently, fossil fuel CO 2 (FFCO2) emission is Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 2439 2 of 22 estimated with nighttime light (NTL) data as a proxy for human settlements, which can be improved by maps of physically defined building structures [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A demonstration of the ability of radar backscatter signatures to detect building structures is founded on radar responses to true physical structures of buildings [5,6], rather than optical colors or spectral appearances of land cover types. As our method is based on radar signatures of physical building structures, it can successfully capture the characteristics of urban building patterns corresponding to different urban development classes and socioeconomic status (see Tables 1 and 2), and in differ-ent rural-urban landscapes in both inland and coastal regions with wet and arid environmental conditions, or over sea surfaces under different wind and wave effects.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Building Structure Mapping on Level Terrains and Sea Surfaces in Vietnam

et al. 2021

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Mapping building structures is crucial for environmental change and impact assessment, and is especially important to accurately estimate fossil fuel CO2 emissions from human settlements. In this regard, the objective of this study is to develop novel and robust methods using time-series data acquired from Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) to identify and map persistent building structures from coastal plains to high plateaus, as well as on the sea surface. From annual composites of SAR data in the two-dimensional VV-VH polarization space, we determined the VV-VH domain for detecting building structures, whose persistence was defined based on the number of times that a pixel was identified as a building in time-series data. Moreover, the algorithm accounted for misclassified buildings due to water-tree interactions in radar signatures and due to topography effects in complex mountainous landforms. The methods were tested in five cities (Bạc Liêu, Cà Mau, Sóc Trăng, Tân An, and Phan Thiết) in Vietnam located in different socio-environmental regions with a range of urban configurations. Using in-situ data and field observations, we validated the methods and found that the results were accurate, with an average false negative rate of 10.9% and average false positive rate of 6.4% for building detection. The algorithm could also detect small houses in rural settlements and in small islands such as in Hòn Sơn and Hòn Tre. Over sea surfaces, the algorithm effectively identified lines of power poles connecting islands to the mainland, guard shacks in marine blood clam farms in Kiên Giang, individual wind towers in the off-shore wind farm in Bạc Liêu, and oilrigs in the Vũng Tàu oil fields. The new approach was developed to be robust against variations in SAR incidence and azimuth angles. The results demonstrated the potential use of satellite dual-polarization SAR to identify persistent building structures annually across rural–urban landscapes and on sea surfaces with different environmental conditions.

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Transformative Urban Changes of Beijing in the Decade of the 2000s

Cited by 7 publications

References 55 publications

Convergent niche shifts of endangered parrots (genus Amazona) during successful establishment in urban southern California

Convergent niche shifts of endangered parrots (genus Amazona) during successful establishment in urban southern California

Niche shifts lead to hybridization between twoAmazonaparrot sister-species introduced to Southern California

Building Structure Mapping on Level Terrains and Sea Surfaces in Vietnam

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