The constitutive and activity-dependent components of protein synthesis are both critical for neural function. Although the mechanisms controlling extracellularly induced protein synthesis are becoming clear, less is understood about the molecular networks that regulate the basal translation rate. Here we describe the effects of chronic treatment with various neurotrophic factors and cytokines on the basal rate of protein synthesis in primary cortical neurons. Among the examined factors, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) showed the strongest effect. The rate of protein synthesis increased in the cortical tissues of BDNF transgenic mice, whereas it decreased in BDNF knock-out mice. BDNF specifically increased the level of the active, unphosphorylated form of eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2). The levels of active eEF2 increased and decreased in BDNF transgenic and BDNF knock-out mice, respectively. BDNF decreased kinase activity and increased phosphatase activity against eEF2 in vitro. Additionally, BDNF shortened the ribosomal transit time, an index of translation elongation. In agreement with these results, overexpression of eEF2 enhanced protein synthesis. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the increased level of active eEF2 induced by chronic BDNF stimulation enhances translational elongation processes and increases the total rate of protein synthesis in neurons.The synthesis and post-translational modification of proteins play key roles in neural development, synaptic plasticity, and cognitive brain functions such as learning and memory (1, 2). Recent studies have revealed that activity-dependent regulation of translation affects neural plasticity (3, 4). Previously, we reported that BDNF, 2 a critical molecule for neural plasticity (5-7), enhances protein synthesis and activates the translational machinery in central nervous system neurons (8). In addition, neurotransmitters such as glutamate (9, 10), dopamine (11), and serotonin (12) are also reported to facilitate translation in neurons. These observations indicate that endogenous molecules can acutely modulate neuronal translation in response to neural activity. Translation of an mRNA molecule comprises three steps: initiation, elongation, and release (or termination) (13). In the first step, mRNA and methionyltRNA i Met are recruited to a ribosome. During elongation, aminoacyl-tRNAs are sequentially recruited and the nascent peptide chain lengthens incrementally as amino acids are covalently attached via peptide bonds. Finally, the polypeptide chain is released from the ribosome. Each step is regulated by a variety of factors. The activities of these regulatory proteins are predominantly controlled by phosphorylation and GTP binding. BDNF activates both initiation and elongation by modulating these processes (8,14,15).In addition to these acute, stimulation-induced changes in the translation rate, the long term regulation of translation plays important roles in developing and mature brains. In fact, recent studies have shown that ge...