Transforming growth factor-β in breast milk: A potential regulator of atopic disease at an early age☆☆☆★

Kalliomäki, Marko; Ouwehand, Arthur C.; Arvilommi, Heikki; Kero, Pentti; Isolauri, Erika

doi:10.1016/s0091-6749(99)70021-7

Cited by 195 publications

(177 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The clinical correlate appears to be reduced risk of allergic disease; high concentrations of TGF-β in breast milk were associated with prevention of early atopic eczema in breastfed infants (21). The involvement of microbial provocation has only recently been suggested, with rigorous research in the field of healthy-gut microbiota showing that specific probiotics differently regulate the generation of TGF-β (16,22) and Data are shown as ratio of log microbial levels between time points and 95% cIs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal weight and excessive weight gain during pregnancy modify the immunomodulatory potential of breast milk

et al. 2012

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IntroductIon: Breast milk is an optimal source of nutrition for infants. It contains bioactive components including bacteria that support the microbial colonization and immune system development of the infant. The determinants of human milk composition remain poorly understood, although maternal nutritional and immunological status as well as lifestyle and dietary habits seem to have an impact. Methods: The subjects selected were women from a prospective follow-up study categorized by BMI. Milk samples were taken after delivery and at 1 and 6 mo later for analysis of composition in regard to transforming growth factor (TGF)-β2, soluble cD14 (scD14), cytokines, and microbiota. results: TGF-β2 and scD14 levels in the breast milk of overweight mothers tended to be lower than the levels in that of normal-weight mothers. also, higher levels of Staphylococcus group bacteria and lower levels of Bifidobacterium group bacteria were detected in overweight mothers as compared with normal-weight ones. The prevalence of Akkermansia muciniphila-type bacteria was also higher in overweight mothers, and the numbers of these bacteria were related to the interleukin (IL)-6 concentration in the colostrum, which was in turn related to lower counts of Bifidobacterium group bacteria in the breast milk of overweight women. dIscussIon: complex interactions of cytokines and microbiota in breast milk guide the microbiological, immunological, and metabolic programming of infant health. Our data may indicate the presence of an additional mechanism that may explain the heightened risk of obesity for infants of overweight and excessive weight gain mothers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal weight and excessive weight gain during pregnancy modify the immunomodulatory potential of breast milk

et al. 2012

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“…In mammalian milk, TGF-b is present at high concentrations and may be a key immunoregulatory factor for promoting intestinal maturation (Rautava et al 2012), IgA production, and tolerance induction (Letterio et al 1994;Hawkes et al 1999;Kalliomaki et al 1999;Lebman and Edmiston 1999;Donnet-…”

Section: Development Of the Gut Barriermentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of the Immune Response by TGF-β: From Conception to Autoimmunity and Infection

Sanjabi

2017

Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol

477

306

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Transforming growth factor b (TGF-b) is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in both suppressive and inflammatory immune responses. After 30 years of intense study, we have only begun to elucidate how TGF-b alters immunity under various conditions. Under steady-state conditions, TGF-b regulates thymic T-cell selection and maintains homeostasis of the naïve T-cell pool. TGF-b inhibits cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL), Th1-, and Th2-cell differentiation while promoting peripheral ( p)Treg-, Th17-, Th9-, and Tfh-cell generation, and T-cell tissue residence in response to immune challenges. Similarly, TGF-b controls the proliferation, survival, activation, and differentiation of B cells, as well as the development and functions of innate cells, including natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, and granulocytes. Collectively, TGF-b plays a pivotal role in maintaining peripheral tolerance against self-and innocuous antigens, such as food, commensal bacteria, and fetal alloantigens, and in controlling immune responses to pathogens.

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“…The Th1/Th2 imbalance is crucial to the clinical expression of allergy. Probiotic bacteria can produce significant antiallergenic effects by intricate interactions inducing Th1 cytokines, such as interferon- [73] , Τ-regulatory cytokines, such as IL-10 and TGF- [74] , and mucosal immunoglobulin A production [75].…”

Section: Allergymentioning

confidence: 99%

Probiotics in Pediatrics – Properties, Mechanisms of Action, and Indications

Mavroudi¹

2012

Probiotics

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Transforming growth factor-β in breast milk: A potential regulator of atopic disease at an early age☆☆☆★

Cited by 195 publications

References 25 publications

Maternal weight and excessive weight gain during pregnancy modify the immunomodulatory potential of breast milk

Maternal weight and excessive weight gain during pregnancy modify the immunomodulatory potential of breast milk

Regulation of the Immune Response by TGF-β: From Conception to Autoimmunity and Infection

Probiotics in Pediatrics – Properties, Mechanisms of Action, and Indications

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