“…Violence is pushing non-government organisations (NGOs) to reconsider their operations in conflict areas and the norm to provide humanitarian assistance to whereever it is needed, is consistently being challenged and possibly modified ( Human Rights Watch, 2019 ; Nicoson et al , 2019 ). Countries with fragile governments, economies and geographies ricochet from one crisis to the next ( UNOCHA, 2019 ; Griswold et al , 2020 ; Przybyla and Kathman, 2020 ; ). Many countries caught up in conflict or natural disasters with inadequate health care systems are weakened further by the lack of resources to deal with treatable diseases like malaria, let alone global pandemics such as COVID-19 ( Adom et al , 2020 ; Truelove et al , 2020 ).…”