Transgender and Genderqueer Individuals' Experiences with Health Care Providers: What's Working, What's Not, and Where Do We Go from Here?

Baldwin, Aleta; Dodge, Brian; Schick, Vanessa; Light, Brenda; Scharrs, Phillip W.; Herbenick, Debby; Fortenberry, J. Dennis

doi:10.1353/hpu.2018.0097

Cited by 98 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…These gendered associations are deeply rooted and deviating from these non‐inclusive connections may provide some challenges. Studies have shown that gendered language was a topic frequently brought up by trans individuals, noting that misgendering could cause negative experiences, distress, and increased feelings of gender dysphoria (Baldwin et al., 2018; Hoffkling et al., 2017; MacDonald et al., 2016). Gender‐neutral terms such as parent(s) , is a way to be more inclusive for all patients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals avoid healthcare services due to discrimination, barriers involving health insurance, and lack of provider knowledge (Baldwin et al., 2018; Grant et al., 2011; James et al., 2016; The Lancet, 2011). Healthcare disparities are especially notable in the transgender community, which has been a historically marginalized group (Marshall et al., 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genetic counselors' experiences with transgender individuals in prenatal and preconception settings

Ruderman

Berro

Sosa

et al. 2021

Journal of Genetic Counseling

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Many transgender individuals want to have children and are pursuing reproductive care. Limited research has described the experiences of transgender individuals during pregnancy, and no known studies have examined reproductive genetic counseling sessions with this patient population. To understand what topics and considerations are explored within this sector of reproductive care, prenatal and preconception genetic counselors that have seen a transgender patient and/or transgender partner of a patient were recruited through an email blast to members of the National Society of Genetic Counselors. Nine genetic counselors completed phone interviews. Content analysis was used to identify, quantify, and examine the concepts within the transcripts. Six major themes emerged: (1) Trans individuals were referred for common genetic counseling indications, (2) genetic counselors were driven to think of more inclusive language, (3) genetic counselors considered ways to make written materials more inclusive, (4) trans individuals expressed discomforts in the prenatal/preconception setting, (5) genetic counselors observed challenges with the care team, and (6) genetic counselors felt underprepared. This study identifies areas within reproductive spaces of genetic counseling that could be more inclusive, particularly relating to commonly used gendered language and written materials, and provides training recommendations for genetic counselors. Additionally, we outline the reported areas of discrimination for these patients and partners, and discuss ways that genetic counselors can be advocates for respectful and equitable care within their clinics.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic counselors' experiences with transgender individuals in prenatal and preconception settings

Ruderman

Berro

Sosa

et al. 2021

Journal of Genetic Counseling

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Knowledgeable providers who use patients’ correct names and pronouns help patients to feel safe and support them in continuing their care with these providers; this is particularly true when providers such as therapists and counselors check in regularly with their patients about evolving identities (Goldberg et al, 2019). Simple language changes can welcome and include more patients in formerly gendered provider spaces, and routinizing gender and identity questions can help all patients feel safe in disclosing their identities over time (Baldwin et al, 2018; Stroumsa & Wu, 2018). This includes the use of welcoming forms and appropriate options for sex and gender on all forms, even when gender is unrelated to the care being sought or provided by the office, including primary care (Whitlock et al, 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Healthcare is considered transgender-affirming when it respectfully supports TNB patients' own self-identified gender identity. TNB patients have reported positive experiences receiving healthcare when providers have used inclusive, respectful language and allowed their patients more control over their own procedures (Baldwin et al, 2018). Transgender-affirming care can significantly improve patients’ mental health (Waldman, Waldman, & Grant-Kels, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlations between healthcare provider interactions and mental health among transgender and nonbinary adults

Kattari

Bakko

Hecht

et al. 2020

SSM - Population Health

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Transgender and nonbinary patients have a wide array of experiences when attempting to access healthcare, including discrimination and having to educate providers about trans people. This study examines the mental health factors connected to transgender and nonbinary patients' experience with providers to determine the likelihood of transgender or nonbinary patients receiving respectful care after a provider knows about the patient's gender identity, and patients' experience of having to educate providers about trans people, controlling for sociodemographic factor. Using data from the 2015 United States Trans Survey (N = 27,715), chi-square tests of independence and multivariate logistic regressions were used to explore the odds of transgender or nonbinary individuals having a positive experience with a doctor or healthcare provider. Of the respondents, 24.31% experienced having to educate a provider about trans people when seeking care, and 62.90% experienced a provider knowing they were transgender or nonbinary and treating them with respect. Those experiencing depression and suicidal thoughts were significantly less likely to have had a provider treat them with respect, and significantly more likely to need to educate their providers. Gender, age, disability status, and educational level were significant across both variables; income was significant regarding having to educate a provider. Healthcare providers need ongoing training and education to improve their care of transgender and nonbinary patients, specifically around acknowledging the multiple backgrounds and experiences of such patients, including those related to mental health, gender, race, age, income, educational level, and disability.

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“…As suggested by Puckett et al (2018), these differences may be due to the greater need BT people express to undergo medical interventions, but another potential reason may be that NBGQ people perceive mental and medical health professionals as unfamiliar with NBGQ identity and needs. Indeed, there is evidence that NBGQ individuals face specific challenges in the access to healthcare contexts, as they feel misunderstood by providers who often approach them from a binary concept of trans identity (Lykens et al, 2018) or experience some negative interactions characterized by misgendering and unfamiliarity with NBGQ identity and health issues (Baldwin et al, 2018). These data shed light on the difference between NBGQ and BT individuals on the healthcare access, with NBGQ people probably experiencing more and diverse barriers which still need to be explored.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health of Non-binary and Genderqueer People: A Systematic Review

et al. 2019

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Background: Non-binary and genderqueer (NBGQ) people are those who do not identify within the gender binary system (male vs. female), not falling exclusively in man/male or woman/female normative categories. A higher proportion of NBGQ people is usually found within young persons. This population is marginalized and, as such, is at risk of stigmatization and of developing negative health outcomes. As literature on the health of NBGQ people is sparse, this study aims at systematically review the limited studies on this field. Methods: The research questions which guided the systematic review were: (1) What are the differences in the health levels between NBGQ and binary transgender (BT) individuals? (2) What are the differences in the health levels between NBGQ and cisgender individuals? (3) Which medical and psychological interventions are most suitable for improving NBGQ health? According to PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search was conducted in PubMed, PsycInfo, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Results: Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria for the current systematic review. Among them, 9 were focused on the health differences between NBGQ and BT individuals, 4 of the latter and 1 individually were focused on the health differences between NBGQ and cisgender individuals, and 1 was focused on the evaluation of health outcomes related to medical procedures. No studies assessed psychological interventions aimed at improving health in NBGQ individuals. All studies were cross-sectional, did not generally recruit a large sample of NBGQ individuals, and used non-probability sample design. Results related to the difference in health between NBGQ and BT were mixed; indeed, some found a better health status while others a worse one. Results related to the differences in health between NBGQ and cisgender highlighted higher health needs in NBGQ than in BT individuals. The only study analyzing the effects of medical interventions on health found that NBGQ female-assigned at birth individuals improved their quality of life after chest surgery. Conclusions: Although scholars are starting to pay attention to the NBGQ health, research needs to be expanded both in terms of methodology and research contents. Clinical, health-related social policies, and research recommendations in this field are reported.

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Transgender and Genderqueer Individuals' Experiences with Health Care Providers: What's Working, What's Not, and Where Do We Go from Here?

Cited by 98 publications

References 32 publications

Genetic counselors' experiences with transgender individuals in prenatal and preconception settings

Genetic counselors' experiences with transgender individuals in prenatal and preconception settings

Correlations between healthcare provider interactions and mental health among transgender and nonbinary adults

Health of Non-binary and Genderqueer People: A Systematic Review

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