Transient brain activity used in magnetic resonance imaging to detect functional areas

Konishi, Seiki; Yoneyama, Ryuichi; Itagaki, Hiroko; Uchida, Idai; Nakajima, Kiyokazu; Kato, Hideki; Okajima, Kenichi; Koizumi, Hideaki; Miyashita, Yasushi

doi:10.1097/00001756-199612200-00005

Cited by 47 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…This finding of transformation of visual information into behavior-specific information agrees with previous reports showing that the lPFC is involved in categorizing visual objects (Freedman et al, 2001), integrating visual objects and saccade directions (Asaad et al, 1998), determining GO/NOGO responses based on visual object signals (Sakagami et al, 2001), shifting cognitive set according to sensory feedback (Konishi et al, 1996;Nakahara et al, 2002), retrieving or selecting task-relevant information based on sensory signals (Thompson-Schill et al, 1998;Rushworth et al, 2005), and selecting the direction of saccades in a strategic manner based on visual stimuli (Genovesio et al, 2005). In other reports, sensory signals used as an instruction cue were found to generate information that specifies the behavioral rule [i.e., to follow either a spatial rule or a conditional rule (White and Wise, 1999) or to select a matching-to-sample rule or a non-matching-to-sample rule (Wallis et al, 2001;Bunge et al, 2003) in performing a forthcoming behavioral task].…”

Section: Involvement Of the Three Areas In Retrieving Behavioral Goalsupporting

confidence: 92%

Distinct Information Representation and Processing for Goal-Directed Behavior in the Dorsolateral and Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex and the Dorsal Premotor Cortex

et al. 2012

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Although the lateral prefrontal cortex (lPFC) and dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) are thought to be involved in goal-directed behavior, the specific roles of each area still remain elusive. To characterize and compare neuronal activity in two sectors of the lPFC [dorsal (dlPFC) and ventral (vlPFC)] and the PMd, we designed a behavioral task for monkeys to explore the differences in their participation in four aspects of information processing: encoding of visual signals, behavioral goal retrieval, action specification, and maintenance of relevant information. We initially presented a visual object (an instruction cue) to instruct a behavioral goal (reaching to the right or left of potential targets). After a subsequent delay, a choice cue appeared at various locations on a screen, and the animals could specify an action to achieve the behavioral goal. We found that vlPFC neurons amply encoded object features of the instruction cues for behavioral goal retrieval and, subsequently, spatial locations of the choice cues for specifying the actions. By contrast, dlPFC and PMd neurons rarely encoded the object features, although they reflected the behavioral goals throughout the delay period. After the appearance of the choice cues, the PMd held information for action throughout the specification and preparation of reaching movements. Remarkably, lPFC neurons represented information for the behavioral goal continuously, even after the action specification as well as during its execution. These results indicate that area-specific representation and information processing at progressive stages of the perception-action transformation in these areas underlie goal-directed behavior.

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Section: Involvement Of the Three Areas In Retrieving Behavioral Goalsupporting

confidence: 92%

Distinct Information Representation and Processing for Goal-Directed Behavior in the Dorsolateral and Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex and the Dorsal Premotor Cortex

et al. 2012

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“…This state of affairs may now change as event-related fMRI methods continue to develop (e.g., Buckner et al, 1996;Konishi et al, 1996;Dale & Buckner, 1997;Josephs et al, 1997;Zarahn et al, 1997;Clark et al, 1998). As mentioned previously, Birn et al (1999) were able to effectively remove movement-related artifacts from images obtained using event-related fMRI as opposed to those obtained using blocked-design fMRI.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

An Event-Related fMRI Study of Overt and Covert Word Stem Completion

et al. 2001

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“…For this second study, we adopted recently developed procedures for selectively averaging fMRI responses to individual trials (61,62,(86)(87)(88). By intermixing the trials and post hoc separating the trials in which subjects report failing to recognize items (unsuccessful retrieval) vs. those instances in which there was successful retrieval, we could ask whether differential activation of the anterior prefrontal cortex was associated exclusively with those items that were retrieved successfully.…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional neuroimaging studies of encoding, priming, and explicit memory retrieval

Buckner

Koutstaal

1998

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

262

144

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Human functional neuroimaging techniques provide a powerful means of linking neural level descriptions of brain function and cognition. The exploration of the functional anatomy underlying human memory comprises a prime example. Three highly reliable findings linking memory-related cognitive processes to brain activity are discussed. First, priming is accompanied by reductions in the amount of neural activation relative to naive or unprimed task performance. These reductions can be shown to be both anatomically and functionally specific and are found for both perceptual and conceptual task components. Second, verbal encoding, allowing subsequent conscious retrieval, is associated with activation of higher order brain regions including areas within the left inferior and dorsal prefrontal cortex. These areas also are activated by working memory and effortful word generation tasks, suggesting that these tasks, often discussed as separable, might rely on interdependent processes. Finally, explicit (intentional) retrieval shares much of the same functional anatomy as the encoding and word generation tasks but is associated with the recruitment of additional brain areas, including the anterior prefrontal cortex (right > left). These findings illustrate how neuroimaging techniques can be used to study memory processes and can both complement and extend data derived through other means. More recently developed methods, such as event-related functional MRI, will continue this progress and may provide additional new directions for research.Human memory is a remarkably complex cognitive function. It is inherently intertwined with all other aspects of cognition, shaping (and being shaped by) our thoughts and behaviors as we interact with the world. The study of the neurobiological basis of memory is therefore, not surprisingly, an enormous undertaking, requiring understanding at many levels ranging from the molecular to neural systems to cognitive approaches. Unfortunately, our experimental methods to bridge the gaps between these levels are limited. Linking neural systems and cognitive approaches requires observations or inferences about neuronal function in relation to human memory processes. Key methods that long have been available include the use of primate and other animal models (allowing both single-unit physiological recordings and ablation studies) and the study of human clinical populations (examination of patients with lesions and intraoperative recordings). Human functional neuroimaging techniques recently have emerged as promising alternative methods, providing a new window through which to view the neurobiological basis of human cognition (1). These techniques are extremely powerful in that they allow researchers to identify specific brain areas and pathways that are recruited and differentially activated during the performance of various cognitive tasks-including memory tasks-and to do so noninvasively, in normal, awake humans. These techniques are limited, however, in that the spatial scale within w...

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Transient brain activity used in magnetic resonance imaging to detect functional areas

Cited by 47 publications

References 5 publications

Distinct Information Representation and Processing for Goal-Directed Behavior in the Dorsolateral and Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex and the Dorsal Premotor Cortex

Distinct Information Representation and Processing for Goal-Directed Behavior in the Dorsolateral and Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex and the Dorsal Premotor Cortex

An Event-Related fMRI Study of Overt and Covert Word Stem Completion

Functional neuroimaging studies of encoding, priming, and explicit memory retrieval

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