Inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) by S 9 phosphorylation is implicated in mechanisms of neuronal survival. Phosphorylation of a distinct site, Y 216 , on GSK3 is necessary for its activity; however, whether this site can be regulated in cells is unknown. Therefore we examined the regulation of Y 216 phosphorylation on GSK3 in models of neurodegeneration. Nerve growth factor withdrawal from differentiated PC12 cells and staurosporine treatment of SH-SY5Y cells led to increased phosphorylation at Y 216 , GSK3 activity, and cell death. Lithium and insulin, agents that lead to inhibition of GSK3 and adenoviralmediated transduction of dominant negative GSK3 constructs, prevented cell death by the proapoptotic stimuli. Inhibitors induced S 9 phosphorylation and inactivation of GSK3 but did not affect Y 216 phosphorylation, suggesting that S 9 phosphorylation is sufficient to override GSK3 activation by Y 216 phosphorylation. Under the conditions examined, increased Y 216 phosphorylation on GSK3 was not an autophosphorylation response. In resting cells, Y 216 phosphorylation was restricted to GSK3 present at focal adhesion sites. However, after staurosporine, a dramatic alteration in the immunolocalization pattern was observed, and Y 216 -phosphorylated GSK3 selectively increased within the nucleus. In rats, Y 216 phosphorylation was increased in degenerating cortical neurons induced by ischemia. Taken together, these results suggest that Y 216 phosphorylation of GSK3 represents an important mechanism by which cellular insults can lead to neuronal death.A berrant cell death within the adult central nervous system is a key mechanism thought to underlie the pathology of several neurodegenerative diseases (1, 2). Survival growth factors protect neurons from a variety of proapoptotic stimuli, and one of the protective mechanisms has been attributed to the activation of the phosphoinositide-3 kinase signal transduction pathway (3). A downstream effector of this signaling pathway is Akt, a kinase that phosphorylates the serine͞threonine kinase GSK3 on S 9 to render it inactive (4, 5), a proposed mechanism by which neurons become resistant to apoptotic stimuli (6-8).A second regulatory site (Y 216 ), which lies within the activation loop between subdomains VII and VIII of the catalytic domain, has been identified on GSK3 and whose phosphorylation is necessary for functional activity (9). Dephosphorylation with a protein tyrosine phosphatase or mutation of Y 216 on GSK3 results in a dramatic decrease in activity (9). It is unclear whether Y 216 is a site for GSK3 autophosphorylation or whether a separate tyrosine kinase phosphorylates this site to activate GSK3 (10).In addition to its role in apoptosis, GSK3 hyperphosphorylates the microtubule-associated protein , a mechanism implicated in paired helical filament formation in Alzheimer's disease (11,12). Despite progress in defining growth factor-dependent pathways that regulate S 9 phosphorylation (13), little is known regarding the regulati...