The present work is devoted to investigating the transient responses of a sandwich structure based on the generalized thermoelastic diffusion theory with memory-dependent derivative. Both the left and the right bounding surfaces are subjected to a thermal shock and a chemical potential shock simultaneously. It is assumed that the values of thermal contact resistance and diffusional contact impedance at the interface are zero with ideal adhesion. The coupled governing equations containing time delay factors and kernel functions, which can be chosen freely according to specific problems, are solved by the Laplace transform together with its numerical inversion. The influences of the material characteristic parameters at the interface on the structural responses are emphatically discussed, and the non-dimensional temperature, chemical potential, displacement, stress as well as concentration at different values of time delay factors and kernel functions are obtained and illustrated graphically. The results show that: the changes of the time delay factors, kernel functions, and material characteristic parameters have the varying degrees of influences on the considered variables. Based on the above conclusions, the sandwich structure working under the thermoelastic diffusion coupling condition can be designed reasonably.