Transient retinal ganglion cells in the developing rat are characterized by specific morphological properties

Ramoa, Ary S.; Yamasaki, Edna N.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19960513)368:4<582::aid-cne9>3.0.co;2-0

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…When RGC axons were prevented from interacting with the tectum by transplanting the retina to ectopic locations or when the target specificity or size were altered, early RGC dendritic arbor development was morphologically unaffected, demonstrating that the target exerts relatively little control over the early phase of RGC dendritic differentiation (Campbell et al, 1997;Ramoa and Yamasaki, 1996;Sakaguchi, 1989;Vanselow et al, 1990). In support of early intrinsic mechanisms of RGC dendritogenesis is the observation that isolated RGCs, when placed in vitro, extend dendrites that cover territories similar to RGCs in intact retinas (Montague and Friedlander, 1991).…”

Section: Retinal Ganglion Cell Dendritic Arborizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurotrophic regulation of retinal ganglion cell synaptic connectivity: from axons and dendrites to synapses

Cohen-Cory

Lom²

2004

Int. J. Dev. Biol.

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This review highlights important events during the morphological development of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), focusing on mechanisms that control axon and dendritic arborization as a means to understand synaptic connectivity with special emphasis on the role of neurotrophins during structural and functional development of RGCs. Neurotrophins and their receptors participate in the development of visual connectivity at multiple levels. In the visual system, neurotrophins have been shown to exert various developmental influences, from guiding the morphological differentiation of neurons to controlling the functional plasticity of visual circuits. This review article examines the role of neurotrophins, and in particular of BDNF, during the morphological development of RGCs, and discusses potential interactions between activity and neurotrophins during development of neuronal connectivity. Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), the sole projection neurons from the retina, integrate, process, and convey all visual information transmitted to the brain (Dowling, 1987). Within the retina, RGCs attain their fates and differentiate early, preceding other types of retinal neurons (Fig. 1). RGCs reside near the lens in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) and exhibit distinctive, characteristic morphologies. Different morphological subtypes of mature RGCs are characterized by soma size and dendritic arborization patterns. To receive synaptic inputs from amacrine and bipolar neurons, each RGC elaborates several branched dendrites into the retina's inner plexiform layer (IPL) and to provide synaptic input to the central targets, each RGC extends a single axon that exits the retina via the optic nerve to synapse on neurons in the brain (the optic tectum in lower vertebrates or superior colliculus, pretectum, and lateral geniculate nucleus in higher vertebrates). When the RGC growth cone has reached and recognized its target region, the growth cone transforms into an actively branching axon terminal, extending and retracting branches it forms synapses with target neurons in the brain. The events of RGC axon extension, growth cone pathfinding, and target recognition all coincide with RGC dendritic arborization in the retina. RGCs begin to extend primary dendrites as their axons course towards their targets, and continue to elaborate complex dendritic arbors as their axon terminals innervate and branch within the target (Holt, 1989). KEY WORDS: retina, optic tectum, arborization, BDNF, visual systemThis review highlights important events during the morphological development of RGC that influence both the presynaptic (dendritic) and postsynaptic (axon) connectivity of RGC projection neurons. The elucidation of the events that guide development and differentiation of RGCs is due in part to recent advances in in vivo imaging techniques that have permitted visualization of cellular events that underlie the establishment of RGC synaptic connectivity (Cohen-Cory, 2002;Debski and Cline, 2002). The frog and fish retinotectal projections have p...

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Section: Retinal Ganglion Cell Dendritic Arborizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurotrophic regulation of retinal ganglion cell synaptic connectivity: from axons and dendrites to synapses

Cohen-Cory

Lom²

2004

Int. J. Dev. Biol.

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“…Another example of early lack of precision in neural communication is the underspecification of neuronal projections, earning them the name exuberant projections . The sensory areas initially project somewhat globally to the thalamus, so that some nonvisual inputs go to the visual thalamus (the lateral geniculate) and some nonauditory inputs go to the auditory thalamus (the medial geniculate), and conversely some early projections from the visual thalamus go to nonvisual areas, and some early projections from the auditory thalamus go to nonauditory areas (Bhide & Frost, 1999; Cooper & Cowey, 1990; Frost, 1986; Ramoa & Yamasaki, 1996; D. K. Simon, & O'Leary, 1992; Sur, 1988; Sur, Garraghty, & Roe, 1988).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

All or none hypothesis: A global-default mode that characterizes the brain and mind.

Diamond

2009

Developmental Psychology

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It is proposed that the mind and brain often work at a gross level and only with fine tuning or inhibition act in a more differentiated manner, even when one might think the domains being issued the global command should be distinct. This applies to disparate findings in cognitive science and neuroscience in both children and adults. Thus, it is easier to switch everything, or nothing, than to switch one thing (the rule one is following or which button to press) but not the other. It is easier to issue the same command to both hands than to move only one hand. If one needs to respond to the opposite (or antonym) of a stimulus, one is faster if the correct response is to the side opposite the stimulus. People tend to think of the nervous system as sending out very precise commands only to the relevant recipient, but it appears that often the command goes out more globally and then parts of the system need to be inhibited from acting on the command. Keywords task switching; bimanual coordination; Simon effect; card sort test; inhibition Developmental psychologists, neuroscientists, pediatricians, and teachers have long known that early in life the nervous system lacks precision in many ways, often functioning in a global, diffuse way. For example, when a young child intends to do something with only one hand, there is often motor overflow to the other hand. The nervous system command to do the action goes to both hands, lacking the intended precision that was for the command to go to one hand only. Bruner and I independently documented the frustration of infants and toddlers, who having forcefully pushed a lid up with both hands, intend to remove one hand to reach for a treat under the lid. That darn lid, though, keeps coming down because when the child lowers one hand, the other hand (the one that should be holding the lid up) comes down as well (Bruner, 1970;Diamond, 1990; see Figure 1). Here, the command "lower" has gone to both hands, though it was intended for only one hand. Such mirror movements of the limbs are not only seen in infants but are normal in children through at least 7 years of age (Abercrombie, Lindon, & Tyson, 1964;Lazarus & Todor, 1987;Mayston, Harrison, & Stephens, 1999).Another example of early lack of precision in neural communication is the underspecification of neuronal projections, earning them the name exuberant projections. The sensory areas initially project somewhat globally to the thalamus, so that some nonvisual inputs go to the visual thalamus (the lateral geniculate) and some nonauditory inputs go to the auditory thalamus (the medial geniculate), and conversely some early projections from the visual thalamus go to nonvisual areas, and some early projections from the auditory thalamus go to (Bhide & Frost, 1999;Cooper & Cowey, 1990;Frost, 1986;Ramoa & Yamasaki, 1996; D. K. Simon, & O'Leary, 1992;Sur, 1988;Sur, Garraghty, & Roe, 1988). The nervous system relies on projections that have gone to the wrong place being pruned away when they do not match up as well with the re...

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“…The recent experiments of Wingate and Thompson (19956), in which the dendritic morphology of one aberrant subgroup of retinal ganglion cells was altered by dark-rearing and monocular enucleation in neonatal hamsters, were interpreted to suggest that activity in the target structures can influence retinal ganglion cell dendritic morphology. The present findings that all classes of retinal ganglion cells were virtually unaffected by complete blockade of activity within the targets would seem to be at odds with these results (see also Ramoa & Yamasaki, 1996). However, it should be noted that our studies are of retinae at considerably earlier stages of development.…”

Section: Effect Of Intracranially Administered Ttx On Retinal Gangliomentioning

confidence: 47%

Dendritic development of retinal ganglion cells after prenatal intracranial infusion of tetrodotoxin

et al. 1997

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The dendritic form of a cell may be established by many factors both intrinsic and environmental. Blockade of action potentials along the course of axons and in their postsynaptic targets dramatically alters the development of axonal morphology. The extent to which blockade of target cell activity retrogradely alters the dendritic morphology of the presynaptic cells is unknown. To determine whether the establishment of dendritic form by developing retinal canclion cells depends on activity within their targets, the sodium channel blocker, tetrodotoxin (TTX), was administered via minipumps to the diencephalon of cat fetuses from embryonic day 43 (E43) to E57. At E57 retinae were removed and living retinal ganglion cells injected in vitro with Lucifer yellow to reveal their dendritic morphology. In the TTX-treated animals both alpha and beta types of retinal ganglion cells were present, as were putative gamma cells. Overall, the dendrites of retinal ganglion cells in TTX-treated animals appeared qualitatively and Quantitatively similar to those of untreated animals. The only significant change in the TTX-treated cases was a small increase in the number of dendritic spines on the non-beta cells. These results indicate that the acquisition of basic dendritic form of developing ganglion cells is not influenced by the action potential activity within their targets, and that it is also independent of the terminal branching patterns of their axons.

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Transient retinal ganglion cells in the developing rat are characterized by specific morphological properties

Cited by 4 publications

References 55 publications

Neurotrophic regulation of retinal ganglion cell synaptic connectivity: from axons and dendrites to synapses

Neurotrophic regulation of retinal ganglion cell synaptic connectivity: from axons and dendrites to synapses

All or none hypothesis: A global-default mode that characterizes the brain and mind.

Dendritic development of retinal ganglion cells after prenatal intracranial infusion of tetrodotoxin

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