“…3. Ex-situ XPS core level survey spectra for pristine, 1k eV Ar þ ion-sputter-cleaned additional pristine Mo sample (for reference and comparison purpose) and ion irradiated molybdenum surface having a gas mixture of He, CH 4 , and H 2 in the following ratios: He: CH 4 : H 2 : 100: 0: 0 for geting 100% He þ ions, 99.95: 0.05: 0 for getting 0.01% C þ ions, 99.75: 0.25: 0 for getting 0.05% C þ ions, 97.5: 2.5: 0 for getting 0.5% C þ ions, and 0:0: 100 for geting 100% H þ ions (XPS spectra not shown here). Ion energy (100 eV), ion fluence (2.6 Â 10 24 ions m À2 ) and target temperature (923 K) were kept constant for each experiment.…”