“…The average riding time for a trip by bus or subway from a parking location outside a business zone to a travel destination in the business zone was calculated as 8.00 min for parking during peak hours and 6.00 min for parking during off-peak hours based on the Beijing parking survey data [36][37][38][39]. In addition, according to the parking survey data, the average walking time (from the parking location to the destination) after parking in a business zone is approximately 3.14 min, and the average time required to walk from outside a business zone to a travel destination in the business zone was set at 8.00 min [40][41][42]. In addition, the cruising time was set at 8.00 min, 6.00 min, 2.00 min, and 0 min for the bz&p parking strategy (i.e., business zones and peak hours), the bz&n-p strategy (i.e., business zones and non-peak hours), the n-bz&p strategy (i.e., non-business zones and peak hours), and the n-bz&n-p strategy (i.e., non-business zones and non-peak hours), respectively.…”